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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The second chapter of this thesis discuses theories that is used in this research. There are two parts presented by the researcher in this chapter. The first
part is the theoretical review. It consists of brief discussions of some theories used as the foundation of the research. The second part is the theoretical framework
which is the frame theories for conducting this research.
A. Theoretical Review
1. Vocabulary
In language learning, vocabulary takes place in building the language proficiency. Accordingly, it is important for the students to master the vocabulary
in language learning. According to Nation 2001, there are four kinds of vocabulary in the text. They are high-frequency words, academic words, technical
words, and low-frequency words. The following are the explanation of each kind of vocabulary.
a. High-frequency Words
High-frequency words mean words which occur very often. They are a group of words which are commonly used in our daily life. This group consists of
2,000 word families and also around 176 functional words like noun, verb, and et cetera. This kind group of words can be easily found in academic books, daily
9 conversation, and et cetera. The example of high-frequency words are ran, after,
need, and head.
b. Academic Words
Academic words are words which can be found in an academic textbook. It contains many words which are common in different kinds of academic texts, like,
policy, phase, adjusted, and sustained. This group of words usually make up about 9 of the running words in the text. An academic word list is made by deciding on
the high-frequency words of English. Then, a range of academic texts is going to be examined in order to find out what words that do not belong to the high-
frequency words, but had wide range and reasonable frequency of occurrence.
c. Technical Words
The example of technical words can be found at technical dictionaries, like dictionaries of economics, geography, or electronics. These words include
indigenous, regeneration, podocarp, beech, and rimu a New Zealand tree. Usually, if there are any technical words in the text, it will be marked in italics like
the low-frequency words. Technical words like these usually cover about 5 of the running words in a text.
d. Low-frequency Words
Low-frequency words include words like zoned, pioneering, perpetuity, aired, and pastoral. This kind of words includes all the words that do not include
neither high-frequency words, academic words, nor technical words. Nation 2008 in his book explain low-frequency words as:
“1 words that are not quite frequent or wide range enough to be high- frequency words abort, absorb, accelerate, accent, accusation, acid, acre,
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