Review of Related Studies

13 that are described more fully and therefore more special than others ” Brooks Warren, 1960:148. The other description about the theory of character and characterization comes from Abrams. He, in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms, stated that character is divided into two kinds, flat and round. Abrams stated , “Flat characters are a one- dimensional in that they are relatively uncomplicated and do not change throughout the course of work. This makes the flat characters are monotonous. In the contrary, the round characters are complex and undergo development. The round characters sometimes sufficiently surprise the reader ” 1981:20. Compare with the description that Abrams stated in his book, Holman and Harmon in A Handbook of Literature stated that: Characterization is the creation of imaginary person so that they exist for the reader as if the people in the real life. While in order to understand the characteristics of the character, we need to go to through the characterization. Characterization is a process of a character which is portrayed as a real person who lives in real life or the process of the author to create the characters 1986:81 M.J. Murphy in his Understanding Unseen : An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students stated nine important ways that are needed to understand. Those nine ways are: 1. Personal Description The author describes the character by hisher physical appearance. The character can be thin, fat, handsome, or bad looking. The clothes can describe the character ‟s 14 economic condition. The rich character can be shown by the good quality of hisher clothes. 2. Character as Seen by Another The author describes the character from the eyes and opinions of the other characters ‟ opinion. 3. Speech The author describes the character in the novel through that the character says in the novel. It include show is the character speak, whenever the character is in the conversation with another, and how the character puts forward an opinion. 4. PastLife The author can describe the character by letting the reader know something about the past life of the character. This way can be described by direct comment from the author, the character ‟s thought hisher conversation, or through the medium of the other characters. 5. Conversation of Others The author can describe the character through hisher conversation with other character and the things they say about the character. 6. Reactions The author can describe the character by letting the reader know how heshe reacts to various situations or events. 15 7. Direct Comment The author can describe the character directly. 8. Thought The author can describe the character by letting the reader know what the character is thinking about. 9. Mannerism The author can describe the characte r‟s manner and habits Abram, 1972:161- 171. From the explanation above we can conclude that to have a better understanding and appreciation in analyzing character we can use the nine ways. Even though not all the nine ways are presented when we analyze and observe persons character, but we can use one or more of the nine ways to observe.

C. Review of Japanese Feudalism

Feudalism appeared first and developed completely in Western Europe between 800 and 1200. According to Strayer in the book entitled Feudalism: It was invented by the seventeenth-century lawyers and antiquarians to describe the survival of certain customs and institutions which were difficult to harmonize with prevailing legal and political theories. Those survivals have originated in the middle Ages, most seemed to be connected with the medieval institution of the fief. Strayer defined feudalism as “a method of government, and a way of securing the forces necessary to preserve that method of government” Strayer, 1965:13. 16 Combine with the quotes and the historical fact about feudal era, the writer sees the possessors of political and military power will naturally mold their society to fit their own needs. They will manipulate the economy so that they get the greatest share of production; they will develop a class structure which gives them the highest position; they will, as wealthy consumers, influence writers and artist; they will establish standards to which their society must conform. The wider definition of feudalism stresses social and economic factors; the essence of feudalism is in the exploitation of an agricultural population by a ruling group. It occurred in the feudal society of Western Europe. Japanese feudalism cannot be seen equally as European feudalism which had to do with political disunity. It involved both disunity and unity. According to Miller and Moore in Japan: Yesterday and Today Japan did not develop into a modern national state in commercial and military competition with the other countries of the world and they eliminated most of the foreign stimuli. It was characterized by political unity and national isolation 1976:7. The evolution of Japanese feudalism can be divided into three phases according to Embree in Encyclopedia of Asian History Volume 2: The first phase is Kamakura Period 1185-1333, in which the warrior class bushi or samurai, who had evolved during the Heian period as the administrators and protectors of the estates, destroyed Fujiwara power and established effective political control over Japan. The second stage is Muromachi period 1333-1568. It was marked by the disintegration of the shogun‟s effective control and the rise of independent feudal domains Hans governed by the powerful local lords daimyos. The third phase includes Momoyama period 1568-1600 and Tokugawa period 1600-1868. It witnessed the growth of a central government powerful enough to dominate