The Main Character’s Struggle As The Lower Class Society Reflected In Suzanne’s Novel The Hunger Games

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i THE MAIN CHARACTER’S STRUGGLE AS THE LOWER CLASS SOCIETY REFLECTED IN SUZANNE’S NOVEL THE HUNGER GAMES

A THESIS

BY:

USWATUNNISA REG. NO. 100705107

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

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ii THE MAIN CHARACTER’S STRUGGLE AS THE LOWER CLASS SOCIETY REFLECTED IN SUZANNE’S NOVEL THE HUNGER GAMES

A THESIS

BY:

USWATUNNISA REG. NO. 100705107

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPEPVISOR

Dr. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum Dra. DyahRahayuPratama

Submitted to the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of SarjanaSastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

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iii Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The SarjanaSastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

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iv Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of SarjanaSastra from Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on 29th April 2015

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. SyahronLubis, MA NIP.19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. MuhizarMuchtar, M.S

___________________

RahmadsyahRangkuti, MA. Ph.D

___________________

Drs. Parlindungan, M.Hum

___________________

Dr. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum

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v AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, USWATUNNISA, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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vi COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : USWATUNNISA

TITLE OF THESIS : THE MAIN CHARACTER’S STRUGGLE AS LOWER CLASS SOCIETY REFLECTED IN SUZANNE’S NOVEL THE HUNGER GAMES QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCION AT THE DESCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Signed :

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vii ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.

In the name of Allah SWT, all praise to HIM so my thesis can be completed as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of SarjanaSastra from the English Department, Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara.

On this occasion with great humility, I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the people who have already contributed their great support so that I can finish my study.

First of all,this thesis is dedicated for my beloved family especially my my father Ir. Surya Abdullah, mother Dra. RahmiDewi, who have given a great support in finishing the study and for their endless love, support and pray.

Secondly, my deepest appreciation for my supervisor Dr. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Humwho always guides me and provides the time to assist me in writing this thesis, then to my co supervisor Dra.DyahRahayuPratama. Next, I would like to thanks kakTika for helping me in academic and administrative matters.

Thirdly, I would like to thanks to my special one, BayuPratamafor the love, care, and support. Then to my best friend, Anis, Nadia, Ninis, Aldi.thanks for the care, the love and for the years full of sweet memories. I would also to thanks to all of my friendsespecially Zara, Dimas, Fatih, Abel, OzaWahyu, Yuni, Tari, Cila, Balqis, Refi, Wina, Om, and Madzi. Thanks for the years full of joyfulness, laughs and all the moments.

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viii Medan

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ix ABSTRAK

Kertaskaryainiberjudul “The Main Character’s Struggle as Lower Class Society Reflected in Suzanne’s Novel The Hunger Games.” Novel

iniberisitentangperjuangkaum proletariat ataukelaspekerjaterhadapkaumborjuis.Penulismenggambarkanperjuangan yang

dialamikelasbawahuntukbertahanhidup.Dalamkertaskaryainipenulismenggunakanteor iMarxisme Karl Marxuntukmenguatkananalisis.Di dalam novel inijelastergambarkanbagaimanaperjuangankelasbawahuntukbertahanhidup.Novel

tersebutdimulaidenganberceritatentangseoranganakberusia 16 tahun yang menjaditulangpunggungkeluargadanberjuanguntukhidupnyadankeluarganya.Dalampe nulisankertaskaryaini, penulismenggunakanmetodeintrinsikdanekstrinsik.Dari hasilpengumpulan data menunjukkanbahwaanaktersebutadalahsalahsatukaum proletariat yang berusahauntukbertahanhidup.

Kata kunci:MasyarakatKelasBawah, The Hunger Games, Perjuangan.

ABSTRACT

This paper is entitled “The Main Character’s Struggle as Lower Class Society Reflected in Suzanne’s Novel The Hunger Games.” The novel is about the struggles of the proletariat or the working class against the bourgeoisie. The author describes the struggles experienced by the lower classes and how they survive. In this paper, the author use karlmarx'smarxism theory to strengthen the analysis. This novel clearly illustrates the struggles of how the lower classes survive. The novel begins with the story of a 16 year old girl who is the breadwinner of the family, that strives for her life and her family. In writing this paper, the author uses intrinsic and extrinsic methods. From the data source collected, it shows that the child is one of the proletariat who is trying to survive.

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x TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... v

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... vii

ABSTRAK ... viii

ABSTRACT ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study………....1

1.2 Problem of the Study………..5

1.3 Objective of the Study………5

1.4 Scope of the Study………..5

1.5 Significance of the Study………...6

CHAPTER 2 : REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Novel ... 7

2.2 Sociology of Literature ... 11

2.3 Social Class ... 12

2.4 Social Class Struggle ... 14

2.4.1 Lower Class ... 16

CHAPTER 3 : METHOD OF THE STUDY 3.1 Research Design ... 19

3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 20

3.3 Data Collecting ... 20

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xi CHAPTER 4 : ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Social Stratification of Society ... 22

4.1.1 Types of Social Class Found in the Novel ... 23

4.2 Capitol’s Power ... 27

4.3 Katniss ... 28

4.3.1 Katniss’s Struggle in Facing Her Life ... 31

4.3.2 Katniss’s Struggle in Facing the Games ... 35

CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.2 Conclusion ... 42

5.2 Suggestion... 43

REFERENCES ... 44

APPENDICES I. Summary of The Hunger Games ... xii

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ix ABSTRAK

Kertaskaryainiberjudul “The Main Character’s Struggle as Lower Class Society Reflected in Suzanne’s Novel The Hunger Games.” Novel

iniberisitentangperjuangkaum proletariat ataukelaspekerjaterhadapkaumborjuis.Penulismenggambarkanperjuangan yang

Kata kunci:MasyarakatKelasBawah, The Hunger Games, Perjuangan.

ABSTRACT

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1 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study

Literature is an imaginative of the author which reflects life. This kind of life is reflected through true experience of the main character such as sadness, happiness, war, and even social life. Generally, literature can be divided into three genres: poetry, prose and drama. Prose, as a genre of literature tells a story and portrays people in the society. As a form of prose, novel can be defined as a long fictional story in book form that express the idea of man’s life experience through the skill of novelist. Novel can be considered as work of imagination in prevailing social problems, such as gender, race, or class prejudice, and dramatized through its effect on the characters of a novel.

Literary works usually talk about some problems in society. The problems are called social problems.Social problem is a form of behavior, which is considered from social norms. It is a conceptof the on models of classes.The problem is called social because it is against social norms.

The novel The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, deals with social class. This novel shows us the differences between people according to their social class. In this case, the class differences are clearly visible between the two societies, the Capitol and Districts.Wealth is heavily concentrated in the hands of the rich, particularly those people living in the Capitol, and the result is a huge disparity

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2 between their lives and the lives of the poor. The Hunger Games is actually an annual event which one boy and one girl aged 12 to 18 from each of the twelve districts surrounding the Capitol are selected by lottery to compete in a televised battle to the death. The games that put on by the Capitol are meant to punish the 12 districts of Panem as well as to remind them of the Dark Days. Panem is the name of the country that under the control of the Capitol. The Hunger Gamespresent the tributes suffering as mass entertainment, and the more the tributes suffer, ideally in battle with one another, the more entertaining the Games become. The problem is about the differences of social class level and the struggle of the poor through the games. There are some similarities between the level of today’s social class and the future as in this novel. As nowadays the class differences are clearly distinguish the state of people’s life, by seeing where they live, the clothes they wear and other material possessions.

The main character discussed here is a girl who starts to fight for her life and her family through the games. The protagonist as well as the narrator of the novel, KatnissEverdeen is a strong, resourceful sixteen years old who is far more mature than her age would suggest. Katniss is the main provider in her family, who has responsible for her mother, and her younger sister, Prim. Katniss is fiercely protective of her younger sister, and she volunteers to take Prim’s place in the Hunger Games to protect her. In fact, Katniss is more responsible than anyone else for her family’s live.Katniss lives with her mother and sister in the poorest area of District 12, nicknamed "The Seam". She supports her family through hunting and gathering roots in the woods. In the games, she does not begin to seek attention once she becomes a

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3 celebrity and begins doing television interviews. Rather, she always tries to figure out how to get through the interviews so she can go back to her life.

In th based on factors like Stratification is the relative social position of people in a given social group, category, geographical region or other divided into three main divisions of relationship to the the and the

In this novel the writer will discuss two types of class divisions, upper and lower class. Upper class is rich. They have more money than they could possibly spend, which leaves them with much leisure time for cultivating a variety of interests. They live in exclusive neighborhoods, gather at expensive social clubs, and send their children to the finest schools. As might be expected, they also exercise a great deal of influence and power both nationally and globally. The upper class as seen in the novel is the Capitol. The lower class is typified by poverty, homelessness, and unemployment. People of this class, just few of them have finish high school, suffer from lack of medical care, adequate housing and food, decent clothing, safety, and vocational training. As seen in the novel, lower class people work for the upper class

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4 (Capitol). They provide the needs of the Capitol by working in the industry in their district.

In this research the writer uses the Hermeneutical Interpretation to analyze the novel. The system of analysis in hermeneutics is to reveal, explain and translate. Thus the activities of interpretation shows on three basic things: an oral recitation, a reasonable explanation, and a translation from another language.This analysis begins when the data is collected.This theory explainsabout how to understand structure and pattern from the data. Also, the writer use sociology of literature, both sociology and literature have the same object, whichis human being. However, the essenceof sociology and literature is very different. Sociology is the objective knowledge. It limits to what happen in recent times. But literature is evaluative, subjective andimaginative.

In this research the writer is also using a dynamic structuralism theory. Structuralism is an understanding of elements of the structure itself with mechanism of interrelation, the interrelation of one element with the others, and the interrelation of one element with the totality. Dynamic structuralism was first found by Mukarovsky and FelikVodicka. They said that literary works are the process of communication, fact of semiotic, consists of sign, structure, and values. Definitively, structuralism gives attention to the analysis of elements in literary works.

In this study, the writer wants to explain that novel is one of the most effective tools in presenting certain problems or ideas. Novels can also bring certain messages and hidden intentions from the author or certain social situations. The Hunger Games _is one of the most read modern novels that discuss social class and the

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5 struggles that people face.This research means to analyze human struggle, especially lower class struggle. This study is hoped to send a message or a picture for people living in society, that class stratification has always divided people apart from time to time, and is often a cruel human judgment.

1.2 Problem of The Study

In this analysis, there are questions that need to be answered: 1. What are the types social class found in the novel?

2. What is the struggle of the main character (KatnissEverdeen) from the lower class?

1.3 Objective of The Study

Based on the problems of study above, the objectives of the study are: 1. To identify types of social class found in the novel.

2. To describe the struggle of the main character from the lower class.

1.4 Scope of The Study

In doing an analysis, it necessary to limit the focus that is going to analyze to make sure that the study is not out of the context. Social class is divided into three parts: upper class, middle class and lower class. In this thesis, the writer will identify the types of social class as portrait in the novel as well as discuss about the struggle of lower class people through the main character’s life. The study will only be discussed around KatnissEverdeen’s life, how did she survived to make sure to win the Games also how she fought for the existence of their district and the impact of the

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6 social class that is affecting her life. Social class is reflected into living, health and nutrition, and employment.

1.5 Significance of the Study

One of the significance of this study is that the writer wants toexplain the knowledge of social class and the struggle of the lower class toward the higher class, so that it becomes a reference for students who are learning about struggle of lower class based on The Hunger Games’snovel. I especially discuss about the struggle of the lower class people, because class is one of the biggest phenomena and main problem that still exist in our lives. The novel is set in the future, yet the problem found is mainly about class struggle.

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7 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Novel

Novel is one of the literary works that represents an idea or a thought of the author. The author expresses their feeling, the passion and the emotion that relates tothe experiences of life. John Peck said in How to Study a Novel (1983:12), he illustrates the process of analyzing a novel and also includes some very useful example of analysis. He states that a novel tellsus about human life, butthis can be subdivided into what it tells us about characters and what it tells us about society, although, of course, it is mainly concerned with the way the two interrelate.However, it is often productive to focus a discussion on eithercharacter or society.Novels are different from stories, poems, and narratives in a number of key respects. Though they are presented in the form of a book, they are much more than that, any bound paper constitutes a book. All novels are books, therefore, but not all books are novels. Most literary scholars define novels by what they contain and how they are presented. First, a novel must be written down rather than told through an oral account.

A literary works such as novelare supported by elements of the intrinsic approach and the extrinsic approach. The intrinsic approach was originally written by Rene Wellek and Austin Warren in their book “Theory of Literature”. Rene Wellek introduced his intrinsic approach, which essentially is a study of literary work based on analyzing the internal elements that build that work. According to Wellek (1962: 332) the natural on sensible starting point for work in literary scholarship is the interpretation and analysis of the works of literary themselves. After all, only the

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8 works themselves justify all our interest in the life of an author, in his social environment, and the whole process of literature. Wellek’s opinion is that the study of literature naturally needs to be started from the analysis of the literary work itself because then it would enable us to identify he many aspects that built that work. Wellek further explained by introducing elements that from the foundation of a literary work, plot, setting, theme, character, point of view, and style. By analyzing these elements, a student could comprehend the work by figuring out how the story flows, where the story is set, how the characters act and think. Although so many of elements of novel, the writer just pick four elements. Four elements discussed are theme, plot, setting and character. Four of element is enough to describe clear detail about thestruggle of Katniss’s life.

Intrinsic elements as follows:

• Theme is the basis of the story, the idea of a common base of a masterpiece. The basic idea is commonly used to develop the story.

The theme that found in the Hunger Games novel is: Power and Class society The main source of power in The Hunger Games is clear: the totalitarian government of the Capitol. Because the Capitol holds most of the country of Panem’s wealth, the government there is able to control the people in all of the districts across Panem. The Hunger Games, then, are the ultimate display of the government’s power and were designed to warn the populace against rebellion. In the Hunger Games, the citizens of Panem become nothing more than pawns in an elaborate game of life or death. Since only one teenage contestant, or "tribute," can win, the tributes are forced to kill teens from the other districts and one from their own district. It's all symbolic of

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9 how the Capitol prevents the people in the districts from joining forces and rebelling – the Games keep the people of the districts divided and fighting among themselves. Worst of all, the government broadcasts the event live on television, reinforcing the idea that the tributes are giving their lives for little more than the entertainment of the Capitol.Let’s not forget, though, that this book is also about ways to resist the kind of power that the Capitol represents. While the people of Panem might not have the Capitol’s money, they do have other ways of fighting back.The Hunger Games is a novel about the people who have money and the people who don't. The Capitol is the wealthiest than all of the districts.Some districts are more privileged than others, so they can train their tributes to do well in the Hunger Games – a competition they see as a way to gain glory and fame. And there is no much advantage in the poor districts. Katniss's district is located in district 12. It is an impoverished coal mining region that never stands a chance in the Games. They view the Games as a punishment that must be endured, something that robs them of their children. The novel tells you to think about how money can change things for youand change how you see the world.

• Plot.The story development pattern is formed by causality. In general, the plot is divided into the following sections.

a. Introduction to the story situation b. Disclosure of events

c. Towards a conflict d. Height of the conflict e. Completion

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10 • Conflict is the essence of the groove. Conflict is a disagreement. Kinds of

conflict include:

a. Human contradiction with himself (inner conflict) b. Conflicts with other human

c. Conflicts of humans with the environment, whether the economic, political, social, cultural

d. Conflicts of man with God or faith.

• Setting. Itmeans the story’s time and place. While setting includes simple attributes such as climate or wall décor, it can also include complex dimensions such as the historical moment the story occupies or its social context. Because particular places and times have their own personality or emotional essence, setting is also one of the primary ways that a fiction writer establishes mood. Setting is often developed with narrative description, but it may also be shown with action, dialogue, or a character’s thoughts.

• Characters and characterizations. In fiction, character refers to a textual representation of a human being (or occasionally another creature). Most fiction writers agree that character development is the key element in a story's creation, and in most pieces of fiction a close identification with the characters is crucial to understanding the story. Authors achieve characterization with a variety of techniques: by using the narrative voice to describe the character, by showing the actions of the character and of those reacting to her, by revealing the thoughts or dialogue of the

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11 character, or by showing the thoughts and dialogue of others in relation to the character.

• Point of view. A strategy, technique, or strategy that the author used to express ideas and stories.

Extrinsic Elements are elements outside the literary works, but it does not directly affect the structure or organism system literature. Extrinsic elements consist of individual subjectivity authors state that have attitudes, beliefs, and worldviews that all it affects the work done. In addition, the extrinsic elements related to psychology author and author of circumstances in terms of both economics, political, religious, cultural, and social.

2.2 Sociology of Literature

Sociology is the branchof social science. It is an effort to use systematic methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human societies and human social activity.The sociology of literature comes from two words, they are sociology and literature. The word “sociology”comes fromthe Latin word “socious” and “logos”. They are two studies that are different but have a very close relation. Some relation between society and literature are: literary work is part of society and it uses language, which is part of social institution, and literary work is a picture of society.“Socious” means together, unity, and friends, whereas “logos” means words andknowledge. So sociology is the study of origins and evolution of society; the knowledgethat study about the whole relationship.

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In Encyclopedia Americana (2004: 87), it is said that Sociology is the

scientific study of the social behavior of human beings, or put differently,the study of human groups. Actually, both sociology and literature have the same object, whichis human being. However, the essenceof sociology and literature is very different. Sociology is the objective knowledge. It limits to what happen in recent times. But literature is evaluative, subjective andimaginative.

According to Damono in his book PedomanPenelitianSosiologiSastra, he talks about social and environmental aspects; it is called the sociology of literature. The important factors that should be considered in analyzing the sociology of literature are the writers, the literary works itself, and the readers. Nowadays, the sociological approach that is most done by the researcher is paying attention to the aspect of documentary of literature. The basic idea is that literature is a mirror of its era. In this case, the job of sociology of literature is to connect the experience of the imaginative characters and situation created by the writer to the real condition that happen in one state or country.

2.3 Social Class

Karl Marx (1997: 12), regarded social classes as an essential feature of social evolution. He believed that the class that owns the means of production is able to keep the other classes in a subordinate position, and keep for itself any surplus that is produced. Economics power gives people the resources to apply political control and to form a ruling class which has a vested interest in maintaining its own superior position. Marx believed that this is achieved by the ability of the dominant class to

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13 ensure that all the major social institutions, marriage, education, the political system, religion and so on-uphold and serve its own purposes.

Marx(1997: 13)aimed to explain social change and produced a theory of history. He believed that the answer lay in conflicts among social classes. The whole of human history, Marx and Engels wrote in The Communist Manifesto: ‘the history of class struggles':

“these struggles are the engines that pull societies into new forms, and the history of humansocieties is a history of one ruling class being overthrown by a new one.” (1848: 20)

Marx defined these two classes in term of their different relationship to the means of production. The means of production are everything besides human labor that goes into producing wealth. One class, the bourgeoisie, owns these means of production. The other class, according to Marx, is everyone who does not own such means and therefore must sell his or her labor to the bourgeoisie. Marx called this class proletariat, employing the name used by the Romans to identify the poor. These terms essentially refer to owners (or employers) and workers (or employees).

Marx believed that they would have no effect on the awaiting revolutionary struggle. Finally,he excluded that stratification is the social conflict that result social jealousy because it should happen for there is no standard of living for every member of society. It is impossible to have equal domination for everyone has different capacity to trace his or her social recognition. It is only social feeling of that class difference that makes such class difference. So presence of gap that existbetween high-class people, lower-class people and middle-class people and the differencesthat can be consciously felt in social phenomenon is better known as social stratification.

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14 Ever since humans first developed as a distinct species and branched off from the rest of the animal world, we have organized ourselves in various ways in order to produce the necessities of life. We have come together in an array of socio-economic structures, including primitive communism, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and a wide variety of transitional and hybrid forms. For the majority of our existence, we lived as communists in a classless society, albeit on a low technological level. But ever since the rise of classes, as Marx and Engels explained in the Communist Manifesto, “the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle.”

With the rise of class society came a division into differing layers of people (castes and classes) each with a definite relationship to each other and to the means of production, to the means by which we produce the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the homes we live in, and everything else we humans have extracted from nature through our labor and creativity. Broadly speaking, there are laboring classes, and those that live off the labor of others. It is the exploiters and the exploited. The two main contending classes in the class struggle are those who own the key economic levers of society, the means of production and those who have to work the means of production of another in order to survive.

Social class as mentioned before is basically divided to three parts: upper class, middle class and lower class. In this study, the writer particularly discusses about the state of lower-class society through the life of KatnissEverdeen.

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15 Simply defined, the class struggle is the struggle over the surplus wealth created by the producing classes. The ruling class is that class which controls the state and owns the means of production of society, the land and natural resources, the workshops and factories, the banks. The actual producers of wealth are those who own nothing but their ability to work, and own a tiny plot of land on which they scrape out an existence while still having to work and pay debts to others, or sell their labor power for a wage to a capitalist. That is the simplified essence of the class struggle. In the modern era, that struggle is above all between the working class and the capitalist class.

There are two main classes in capitalist society (owners and workers. The owners, or capitalists, own the banks, the factories, and the corporations) in other words, everything essential to society’s productive capabilities. Their profits derive from work that is done by workers. Workers, on the other hand, can only survive by selling their ability to work to the owners.

The owners have a single goal: increasing profit. Since profits are based on the value that workers add in production above and beyond the cost of production, including wages, owners try to keep the cost of labor as low as possible. Workers, on the other hand, need to earn enough for food, clothing, shelter, education and other necessities. Workers’ and owners’ are in the different interests. And that’s being a basic for class struggle. A form of class struggle is strikes and other labor struggles. In those fights, workers join together based on common interests as workers to win back some of the surplus value they have produced.

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16 But class struggle is constant, even in periods of relative labor “peace.” Even when workers are not struggling to increase their share of the wealth they produce, the owners are trying to increase their share. Increased productivity, decreased wages, taking more taxes from the corporations to the working class, cutting health care benefits, all these are ways in which the capitalist class wages class struggle against the workers.

In this thesis, the writer analyze about the struggle of the people as a lower class who have to work hard to fulfill their needs in their life. Struggle is related to psychological unconscious mind. It is an effort to obtain freedom, to make great effort under difficulties, to be content with or against act, and to be confused. Thus, struggle may mean choices of action to do an effort, whether the way is true or wrong. Class struggle is the tension or antagonism which exists i competing In this research, struggle is the main discussion, especially the struggle of the main character through the games.

2.4.1 Lower Class

Lower class or also knownas ‘proletariat’ or ‘laboring class’ is the class of people employed for wages, especially in manual or industrial work. In Marxist theory and sociology of literature, lower class is often used synonymously with the term ‘proletariat’, and includes all those who expend either mental or physical labor to produce economic value, or wealth in non-academic terms, for those who own the means of production. The lower class is typified by poverty, homelessness, and

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17 unemployment. People of this class, few of them have finish high school, suffer from lack of medical care, adequate housing and food, decent clothing, safety, and vocational training. The media often stigmatize the lower class as “the underclass,” inaccurately characterizing poor people as welfare mothers who abuse the system by having more and more babies, welfare fathers who are able to work but do not, drug abusers, criminals, and societal “trash.”In this novel, Katniss who comes from the lower class districts have to go through such physical and mental labor in order to meet the demands and needs of her family’s lives.

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18 CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE STUDY

In doing this study, the writer will go through the necessary steps for achieving the most effective study results and these steps involves research design, data sources, data collection and data analysis. The main source of this analysis especially the data was taken from the novel “Hunger Games” written by Suzanne Collins. The data are in form of quotations which are selected from the novel. The selection is oriented on the text which has connection with social class and struggle as expressed in the novel. This thesis used the theory of Marxism by Karl Marx, Iwill analyze the practice of Marxism and the elements applied in the society. From the analysis, Iwill be able to draw a conclusion for the problem formulation to reach the goal in solving the problem.

In analyzing the data, the writer usesqualitative method,because all data are analyzed in the form of words and sentences. Qualitative is about exploring issues, understanding phenomena, and answering questions by analyzing the data. Hermeneutics method is also used in this analysis. There are actually similarities between hermeneutics and qualitative, both methods analyze the data by means of interpretation in the form description. Hermeneutics research is a qualitative research strategy.Hermeneutics research emphasizes subjective interpretations in the research of meanings of texts, art, culture, social phenomena and thinking. Thus the activities of interpretation shows on three basic things: an oral recitation, a reasonable explanation, and a translation from another language.

This analysis begins when the data collected. This method explainsabout how understanding structure and pattern from the data. Having theability to understand

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19 Conclusion

language that used by the author in a novel and then to analyze the dataand the world that author is created in the formof wordsandlanguage. Because inthis thesis, the writer using the novel to get and observe the data.

3.1 Research Design

Below is a flowchart of research of design:

Researcher Source of data: a novel The

Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins

Quote or selected text related to social problem, and struggle of the main character

3.2 Data Sources

The data is collected from the novelentitledThe Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins. In the aspects of data sources, thewriter divides the data into two, primary Data selected: using theories sociology of literature and Marxism.

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20 data and secondary data. The novel is the primary data, the words,sentences, dialogues between charactersor somequotation that relates to lower class and struggle will be used as evidence to support the analysis. The secondarydata was taken from related articles, papers,films, videos and other sources that can support and relate to this study.

3.3 Data Collection

In the step of data collection, the writer will need both primary and secondary data sources. First of all, the writer starts with getting the novel The Hunger Games

by Suzanne Collins, which is the primary data of this research and read it over and over until the writer understands the story well. The writer will also look into

secondary data such as gathering data from books, articles, webs and other supporting material that is relevant to the topic of the study. After the collection of raw

materials, the writer starts to go through the data more thoroughly and takes down any notes for necessary explanations. This involves underlining and highlighting important data as well as quoting from the novel to provide concrete evidence. The data will be selected and organized in accordance with the problem of the study so finally the writer can carry out an analysis.

3.4 Data Analysis

When all the data and information relates to the topic are collected, theanalysis can be done. In analysis of this study, the writer will arrange the data in accordance to the area of analysis. The writer will then:

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21 1. Classify the data accurately by relating it to the problems and aims of this

study within the novel.

2. Investigate and identify the types of social class that exist in the novel thatportrays the phenomenon of social stratification.

3. Identify and describe data that suggests struggles of the main character’s life in lower class society.

4. The writer then can make a conclusion from overall data analysis that have been identified and analyzed.

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22 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Social stratification of society

Social stratification is an inherent character of all societies. It is historical as we find it in all societies, ancient and modern. It is universal as it exists in simple or complex societies. The social differentiation on the basis of high and low is the historical heritage of all societies. These social strata and layers, divisions and subdivisions have over the time been accepted on the basis of sex and age, status and role, qualification and inefficiency, life chances and economic political ascription and monopolization, ritual and ceremony and on numerous other basis. It is varied nature. It is no less based on the considerations of superiority and inferiority, authority and subordination, profession and vocation.

By stratification, mean that arrangement of any social group or society by which positions are hierarchically divided. The positions are unequal with regard to power, property, evaluation and psychic gratification. It connected to social, because positions consist of socially defined statuses. Stratification is a phenomenon present in all societies that have produced a surplus. Stratification is the process by which members of society rank themselves and one another in hierarchies with respect to the amount of desirable goods they possess.

The whole Marxian perspective about social stratification revolves round the concept of social classes. No theorist stressed the significance of class for society and for social change more strongly than Karl Marx. Marx viewed class differentiation as

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23 the crucial determinant of social, economic and political inequality. According to Marx, there is always a dominant and a subordinate class, a ruling class and a subject class. The former (ruling class) is the class which owns the means of production (land and machinery) and the latter (subject class) sells its labor to survive. The ruling class survives its power from the ownership and control of the forces of production.

The relationship between these classes has always been exploitative in all phases of history with an exception of a simple primitive society. Marx believed that primitive societies are non class societies. In such societies, there is simple equality and as such there is no stratification based on class. In Marxian view, the ruling class exploits and oppressed the subordinate class. As a result, there is a basic conflict of interest between the two classes. This conflict between social classes has been continuous since the dawn of history.

4.1.1 Types of social class found in novel

By learning about the differences of class, there are two classes found clearly in the novel. There’s the Capitol as the upper class and the Districts as the lower class. In Panem, Panem is the name of the country that under the control of the Capitol, wealth is heavily concentrated in the hands of the rich, particularly those people living in the Capitol and certain of the districts, and the result is a huge disparity between their lives and the lives of the poor. This disparity reveals itself in numerous ways throughout the novel, but among the notable is food. In the poor districts, many of the residents do not even have enough to eat. Katniss notes that

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24 starvation is common in District 12, and she has to hunt illegally in the woods beyond the district’s borders to feed her family. The novel suggests that most of the district’s residents are not able and don’t know how to hunt, means that Katniss’s family have more chance to get the food than the other families. Furthermore, the most basic foods are luxuries in the districts.Katniss later learns that Peeta’s family,who own a bakery and have more capacity to live the life well,can not afford most of the food they bake. In contrast, when Katniss arrives in the Capitol, she is awed by the lavish feasts and elaborately prepared dishes. The food is abundant. Katniss tries hot chocolate for the first time.

Perhaps the best example of the inequality between rich and poor can be seen in the tessera system and the way the tributes are selected for the Games. In theory, the lottery by which tributes are chosen, called the reaping, is random and anyone can be picked. But in reality, the poor are much more likely than the rich to end up as tributes. In exchange for extra rations of food and oil, called tesserae, those children eligible for the Hunger Games can enter their names into the reaping additional times. Most of children from poor families have to take tesserae to survive, so the children of poor families have more entries in the reaping than children of wealthy families who need no tesserae. They are more likely to be picked as a result. Moreover, the rich who become tributes tend to have an additional advantage, because they are often trained to take part in the Games and volunteer to do so. These trained tributes, which Katniss refers to as Career Tributes, are generally bigger, stronger, and better prepared for the tribulations of the Hunger Games than those poor tributes who selected by chance. They are consequently more likely to survive. For these rich

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25 tributes, it is an honor to compete in the Games, while for the poor tributes it is essentially a death sentence.

“The cameras haven’t lied about its grandeur. If anything, they have not quite captured the magnificence of the glistening buildings in a rainbow of hues that tower into the air, the shiny cars that roll down the wide paved streets, the oddly dressed people with bizarre hair and painted faces who have never missed a meal.”(4:59)

From quotation above, after arriving in Capitol, she believed that what she saw through her television was real. The rich people will never feel hungry and they have a beautiful life. She has to survive and find a meal in the wood to keep her family alive. The visibility about the differences of class can be seen from the quotation above. She was so fascinated by their living and all of their things. According to Karl’s theory, People in higher income classes make sure that their families have the best opportunity for a good life. In this case,the Capitolown the production of the districts, that gives them a power to control the whole districts.

“What it must be like, I wonder, to live in a world where food appears at the press of a button? How would I spend the hours I now commit to combing the woods for sustenance if it were so easy to come by? What do they do all day, these people in the Capitol, besides decorating their bodies and waiting around for a new shipment of tributes to roll in and die for their entertainment?”(5:65)

Katniss is wondering why the Capitol wants to force the children of the poor to kill each others. The conflict in her heart is about what she has to choose, fight just for her life and survive for that or also fight for the life of the lower classes so the Capitol can not make the children of the poor become an entertainment while killingeach others for them.

From the beginning of the novel, Katnissis a strong, resourceful sixteen years old who is more mature than her age. Katniss is the main provider in her family.Her

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26 family member consists of her mother, her younger sister named Prim and herself. Katniss is fiercely protective to her younger sister, and she volunteers to take Prim’s place in the Hunger Games to protect her. In fact, Katniss is more responsible than anyone else in her family’s life. Moreover, she is responsible for feeding her family. She is hunting and foraging as her responsibly to feed her family.She got the hunting skills from her father before his death in a mine explosion years earlier. Based on her talented skills, she has the big opportunity to win the game against the stronger opponent.

Upper Class: The Capitol.

Speaking of which, the Capitol is a shining city of wealth and grandeur city located where the Rockies used to be. The people of the Capitol are shallow, speak in a funny, affected accent and value surface appearances, plastic surgery, and entertainment. Being one of the richest districts, they also view the Games as an entertainment in television. Katniss really despises the place.

Lower Class: District Twelve

District 12 is a very poor coal-mining district located in the region formerly known as Appalachia. Katniss and her family live in the poor section of District 12, the Seam, where the coal-miners live and work. There is also the Hob, the black market. The district is surrounded by an electrified fence from woodlands.Stephen King calls District 12 "the Chicago Cubs of the postapocalypse world", means that they almost never win the Hunger Games. The poverty of District 12 is often contrasted with the wealth of the Capitol.

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27 4.2 Capitol’s power

In the novel, Capitol is the one who determine the life of Districts. Coriolanus Snow is a native of Although carrying the title of President, it is unknown if he was elected to the position democratically. Snow possesses total power in Panem's government and has proven to be a cruel and manipulative dictator, ruling over the Capitol and its contained military responsibility for oppressing the districts.

According to Karl Marx’s theory, Economic power gives people the resources to apply political control and to form a ruling class which has a vested interest in maintaining its own superior position. Marx believed that this is achieved by the ability of the dominant class to ensure that all the major social institutions, marriage, education, the political system, religion and so on uphold and serve its own purposes. The power of a Capitol has already happened these days, it represent to what happen to the government. Government can do whatever they want, put their children in to a private school, have a biggest house, it shows us that capitol’s power is already visible from a different treatment to whom the rich and the poor. In this novel, the Capitol as the one who own the land and the production, so they can do whatever they want. The capitol also put the Peacekeeper in every district to make sure that the people in each District will not fight back.

“Taking the kids from our districts, forcing them to kill one another while we watch – this is the Capitol’s way of reminding us how totally we are at their mercy.”(1:18)

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28 The quotation above from the novel shows how Capitol’s act on making the other districts know who feed them this whole time and the real message is clear. “Look how we take your children and sacrifice them and there’s nothing you can do. If you lift your finger, we will destroy every last one of you.” Capitol shows their power by making the game to warn people that they are the authorities who gave people in each district a life, a home to live. In this sense, the Games are a form of control.

“The last tribute alive receives a life of ease back home, and their district will be showered with prizes, largely consisting of food. All year, Capitol will show the winning district gifts of grain and oil and even delicacies like sugar while the rest of us battle starvation.”(3:36)

These trained tributes, which Katniss refers to as Career Tributes, are generally bigger, stronger, and better prepared for the tribulations of the Hunger Games than those poor tributes selected by chance. They are consequently more likely to survive. For these rich tributes, it is an honor to compete in the Games, while for the poor tributes it is essentially a death sentence.Let’s not forget, though, that this book is also about ways to resist the kind of power that the Capitol represents. While the people of Panem might not have the Capitol’s money, they do have other ways of fighting back. When District 12 gives Katniss their salute and when Katniss covers Rue’s dead body in flowers. These symbolic gestures called attention to the fact that there are actual people in the Hunger Games, not just game pieces. In that sense, these small moments of defiance can be very powerful.

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29 4.3 Katniss

KatnissEverdeen is a teenage girl who lives in District 12, an impoverished coal-mining region in the country of Panem. She's a volunteer tribute in Panem's annual Hunger Games, having taken the place of her younger sister in an act of heroic self-sacrifice.

Ever since the death of her father in a tragic coal-mining accident, Katniss has taken on the role of her family's head of household. While Katniss's mother was unable to cope with the loss, falling into a deep depression, Katniss stayed focused and took charge. Filling her father's shoes, she became the starvation. Katniss describes the process as follows:

“It was slow-going at first, but I was determined to feed us. I stole eggs from nests, caught fish in nets, sometimes managed to shoot a squirrel or rabbit for stew, and gathered the various plants that sprung up beneath my feet. Plants are tricky. Many are edible, but one false mouthful and you're dead. I checked and double-checked the plants I harvested with my father's pictures. I kept us alive.” (4.19)

The statement above clearly shows that Katniss is the head of her family. Hunting, foraging, and providing for her mother and sister Prim to keep them alive.

While Katniss's role as a provider originated within the context of her family, Katniss is a strong provider in the arena as well. Her protective instincts extend to her ally from District 11, the young girl named Rue. The two shared food, clothing, and companionship. Katniss explains that she teamed up with the girl.

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30 "because she's a survivor, and I trust her, and why not admit it?

She reminds me of Prim" (15.28).

While her alliance with Rue is sadly short lived, Katniss will also act as provider and protector of another tribute: her co-tribute from District 12, PeetaMellark. As the daughter of a coal miner, Katniss is a far more skilled hunter and tracker than Peeta, who is the son of a baker.

He's a whiz at "decorating cakes," sure, but he's really not very good with weapons (19.25).

As the Games near their climax, Katniss will risk her life against the other tributes in order to bring Peeta the only medicine that can bring him back from the edge of death.

While Katniss sees herself primarily as someone who others can depend upon, both in and out of the arena, who would Katniss be if she did not have to provide for and protect the people around her? As there becomes a possibility that she might win the Hunger Games, she lets herself ask this question:

For the first time, I allow myself to truly think about the possibility that I might make it home. To fame. To wealth. To my own house in the Victor's Village. My mother and Prim would live there with me. No more fear of hunger. A new kind of freedom. But then…what? What would my life be like on a daily basis? Most of it has been consumed with the acquisition of food. Take that away and I'm not really sure who I am, what my identity is. The idea scares me some. (23.62)

Whether she is in the woods of District 12 or the Gamemaker's arena, Katniss is concerned with one thing: how to stay alive. This, of course, makes her a fierce competitor. She can hunt, fish, trap, and fight.

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31 She is only focused on the day-to-day work of living, Katniss isn't terribly sentimental, she has no great love for the family cat, Buttercup, for example. To Katniss, Buttercup is not a cute and fuzzy playmate, but simply "another mouth to feed" (1.3). This might explain why she tried to drown the poor thing in a bucket to save him from the slow, sad fate of starvation.

As the girl tribute from District 12, Katniss is thrust into the spotlight when she hits the Capitol. Cameras are on her every move at every minute; unfortunately, though, she is not funny or charming. As Haymitch puts it, whenever she opens her mouth, she comes across as "sullen and hostile" (9.17).

Katniss learn the importance of public image, celebrity, and creating a persona. With the help of her stylist, Cinna, she wears a series of spectacular gowns in which she able to entertain the crowds at the Opening Ceremonies. Likewise, by following Haymitch's coaching and advice, she learns to manipulate the at-home audiences of the Hunger Games by playing up the supposed romance plot with her co-tribute Peeta. Once she's made into Peeta's object of love, she secures a powerful place in the hearts of the audience.

Haymitch explains:

"It's all a big show. It's all how you're perceived. The most I could say about you after your interview was that you were nice enough, although that in itself was s small miracle. Now I can say you're a heartbreaker. Oh, oh, oh, how the boys back home fall longingly at your feet. Which do you think will get you more sponsors?" (10.24)

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32 Katniss becomes a pro at playing the game of celebrity, and at playing the audiences and sponsors of the Hunger Games. But she will also learn that the distinctions between what is real and what is not can sometimes blur.

4.3.1 Katniss’s struggle in facing her life

In the novel, Katniss as the main character has become head of her family since her father died at mine explosion years earlier. After Katniss’s father died, her mother sank into a depression, leaving Katniss to take care of the family despite her young age. Katniss realized that, without her hunting, her family would not have enough to eat, a serious problem in District 12, where starvation is common. As a result of these conditions, Katniss has grown into a tough, unsentimental, and practical girl. Ironically, the hardships she faced as a result of her impoverished bring up the advantage once she’s in the arena. The skills and qualities she developed to cope with the everyday challenges of being poor, including her ability to hunt, her toughness, and her resourcefulness, turn out to be what keep her alive through the Games.

“At eleven years old, with Prim just seven, I took over as head of the family. There was no choice. I bought our food at the market and cooked it as best I could and tried to keep Prim and myself looking presentable. Because of it had become known that my mother could no longer care for us, the district would have taken us away from her and placed us in the community home.”(2:27)

From the quotes above, we can see the struggle of the young girl to keep her family alive represent the struggle of the main character for her life by analyzing the novel and also she is more responsible than her mother. She is more mature than her

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33 age. Since the death of her father in a tragic coal mining accident, Katniss has taken the role of her family's head of household. While Katniss's mother was unable to cope with the loss and falling into a deep depression, Katniss stays focus and takesa charge. She becomes the income that would save the family from starvation. Katniss describes the process as follows:

Katniss is the stalwart rock of her family. Hunting, foraging, and providing for her mother and sister Prim are at the very core of her identity.

“I reach her just as she is about to mount the steps. With one sweep of my arm, I push her behind me. “I volunteer!” I gasp. “I volunteer as a tribute!”(2:2)

At the outset of Chapter 2, just after Prim has been selected in the reaping, Katniss volunteers to serve as the female tribute for District 12 in the Hunger Games. This event sets the rest of the plot in motion, and for the remainder of the book we watch Katniss struggling to survive the Games. Katniss becomes a volunteer to save Prim, her little sister. Despite the odds being in her favor, Prim is selected by the lottery system that decides which children become tributes. Because she is just twelve years old, and because she is a sensitive, nurturing person who has difficulty with any kind of suffering or violence, she is almost certain to die in the Games.

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34 Katniss, meanwhile, is four years older and very protective of Prim, and so without hesitation she volunteers to take her sister’s place. Moreover, she has some years of hunting experience (and therefore killing) and is far less sensitive than her sister, making her more likely to survive the ordeal of the Games.

Katniss’s volunteering is also notable because, as Katniss explains, volunteers in her district are basically unheard of. Tributes from poor districts, such as Katniss’s District 12, rarely win the Games because their poverty puts them at a different disadvantage. They are often malnourished compared to the children from the wealthier districts, making them weaker and less able to endure prolonged exertion and difficult conditions. Additionally, some children in the wealthy districts actually train their whole lives to take part in the Hunger Games. Volunteers in these districts are common because winning the Games is a great honor for them. But because the tributes from the poor areas are vastly more likely to be killed, it is exceedingly rare that someone volunteers, even apparently to take the place of a sibling. Katniss’s gesture instantly earns the respect of her district and makes her popular among the tributes in the Hunger Games.

“Be honest. Be honest. I swallow hard. “She asked me to try really hard to win.” The audience is frozen, hanging on my every word. “and what did you say?” prompts Caesar gently. But instead of warmth, I feel an icy rigidity take over my body. My muscles tense as they do before kill. When I speak, my voice seems to have dropped an octave. “I swore I would.”(9:16)

Throughout the novel, Katniss and her team use her external appearance, including what she says and how she behaves to control how other people perceive her. At the reaping ceremony, for instance, she won’t allow herself to cry in front of the cameras because she does not want to give the impression of being weak and

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35 therefore become an easy target. In the novel the writer found that Katniss hides her tears during the Games for a reason, to attract the sponsors. She does not want to look weak and miserable so the sponsor can look at her as the tough one and valuable to bet.

4.3.2 Katniss’s struggle in facing the games

The Hunger Games present the tributes’ suffering as mass entertainment, and the more the tributes suffer, ideally in battle with one another, the more entertaining the Games become. The main draw of the Games for viewers is its voyeurism, in this case watching the tributes who are still children fighting and dying. Katniss at various points talks about past Games and what made them successful or unsuccessful, and the recurring motif is that the viewers want to see the tributes battling one another and not dying too quickly (because it will end up the entertainment).

"Why don't you just be yourself? … No one can help but admire your spirit."(9:8)

The quotes are spoken by Cinna to give Katniss guidance on how to best sell herself to the audience in her first interview with CeaserFlickerman. Cinna is her stylist during the games. Cinna is one of the people in the Capitol that look ordinary not like the others. He becomes Katniss’s friend over the course of the story and counsels Katniss to be herself.The whole situation, as well as the work Haymitchhelp Katniss shape an image, speaks to the pervasiveness of the spectacle that is the Hunger Games. It is telling that Cinna's suggestion toKatniss for just being herself is almost revolutionary in a world where the spectacle is so highly prized. Moreover,

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36 Cinna reminds Katniss that she is not only need to win the Hunger Games but also to become a hero is already inside of her. Her victory comes not from the stoic determination that makes her a good hunter, but morefrom her acceptance of her emotional and empathetic side. The revolutionary she approaches becoming by the end of the novel is someone she already is – she just has to learn to be herself and thereby accept it. But in the beginning, Katniss did not realize that her mentor and her partner trying to help her in the Games.

“he made me look weak!” I say.

“he made you look desirable! And let’s face it, you can use all the help you can get in that department…..now the all do. You’re all they’re talking about. The star-crossed lover from District twelve!” says Haymitch.

“but we’re not star-crossed lover!” I say. …..”who cares? It’s all a big show.”(10:3)

Katniss discovers that by playing up the tragic "love" angle she may just be able to win the Games. The writer also see that Katniss does not really have much of a choice: if she wants food and supplies, she is going to have to follow the game they made. From the quote above, perhaps the most notable part of Katniss’s strategy involves her romance with Peeta. This romance is not entirely genuine on Katniss’s end. She cares about Peeta and develops a romantic interest him, but her feelings do not have nearly the same intensity as him and she always remains ambivalent about him. For the cameras, however, Katniss plays up her feelings for Peeta and works to convince the viewers, and especially the Capitol, that she is deeply in love with him. The act is one Haymitch devised for strategic reasons: Katniss’s and Peeta’s love story elicits more gifts from sponsors than if they are simply friends, and it seems

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37 even to influence the Capitol’s decision to allow two tributes to be declared winners rather than the customary one. Consequently, the act Katniss puts on has a significant effect on both her and Peeta’s survival. Through these events, the novel suggests that what cameras show, on reality television for instance, is not necessarily reality and that appearances are just as consequential as the truth.

“Tomorrow I’ll stay here, resting, camouflaging my backpack with mud, catching some of those little fish I saw as I sipped, digging up the roots of the pond lilies to make a nice mea. I snuggle down in my sleeping bag, hanging on to my water bottle for dear life, which, of course, it is.”(12:11)

Katniss struggles against the Capitol, obviously, throughout the novel. This is the most notable of the conflicts. She is constantly fighting against the Capitol. According to quotation above, she sneaks under fences to poach animals from the woods in the early chapters in spite of the possible consequences of caught. She does this because of the difficult circumstances placed of herself and her family by the Capitol. Throughout the Hunger Games Katniss is fighting against the Capitol and doing anything she can in the arena to make everything difficult for them. If she survive and can feed herself and find a save place to her, that making another tributes can’t find her also making the capitol fed up with her defenses.

Katniss also has external conflicts with the other competitors in the Hunger Games. She must kill them before they kill her. To go along with this external conflict is the internal conflict of her feelings regarding murdering these other competitors. She knows that killing is wrong and under normal circumstances she would never commit murder. However, she has been putting into this situation not of

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38 her own free will and has no choice. The internal conflict comes from her own morality conflicting with her circumstances.

“There’s no way they could do otherwise after I’ve made them look so stupid. That nest may be the sole option I have left. If I can drop it down on them, I may be able to escape. But I’ll risk my life in the process.”

In quote above, she tries to defense herself from another tribute that already had a plan to kill her. In that quote, Katniss helped by Rue, another tribute from different district that around Prim’s age. Rue reminds Katniss very much of her sister, Prim. Katniss acts as the primary protector of Rue once then both of them become allies. In this sense, she continues the role that she formerly played with her sister, Prim. Katniss and Rue share food, supplies, and stories about their lives. Katniss learns that Rue is the oldest child in her family and she loves music. Rue becomes human to Katniss and not simply a competitor. Their brief friendship during the Games allows us to see Katniss as a nurturing character, even in the midst of all the fierce competition. Rue told her to cut the nest of the Tracker-Jacker, kind of bee that has a death venomous. Even she risk her life in the process, she still doing it for survive, she can live then and comeback home.

“We’re strong too,” I say. “Just in a different way.” “You are. You can shoot,” she says. “What can I do?” “You can feed yourself. Can they?” I ask. “They don’t need to. They have all those supplies,” Rue says. “say they didn’t. say the supplies were gone. How long would they last?” I say. “I mean, it’s the Hunger Games, right?” “But Katniss, they’re not hungry,” says Rue. “No, they’re not. That’s the problem,” I agree. And for the first time, I have a plan. A plan that isn’t motivated by the need for flight and evasion. An offensive plan.

Katniss and Rue discover that being from a poor district gives them an advantage: they know how it feels to be hungry and they know how to hunt and

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39 gather food. That is what making them have a plan to destroy all of the storage of another tribute. After both of them make a plan and did it, Rue died in the process. Katniss honors Rue's body by covering her with flowers. This act is that defies the Capitol and challenges the idea that Rue's death was just entertainment for a viewing audience at home. Rue is killed by the boy from District 1, and Katniss is there to singing Rue a final song and decorate her body with flowers. Rue, look like Prim, makes Katniss promise that she will win, and there are moments when it is her promise to Rue, more so than her promise to Prim, that gives Katniss the strength she needs to fight on. She wants to make sure that Rue's death will not go unremembered. Ultimately, Rue's death inspires Katniss to fight all the more against the Capitol – and win the Games any way she can.

"I want to do something, right here, right now, to shame them, to make them accountable, to show the Capitol that whatever they do or force us to do that there is a part of every tribute they can't own. That Rue was more than a piece in their Games. And so am I." (18.38)

Covering Rue with flowers is an intense act of rebellion against the Capitol. The experience of witnessing Rue's death inspires Katniss to go on and win the Games – and to prove to the Capitol that they can't strip the tributes of their humanity, however they might try.

When the Gamemakers revoke their original rule change that would have allowed two tributes to win, they reveal what has been their goal all along. They wanted the remaining tributes to be the star-crossed lovers so that the Games' final act would be the most dramatic: one lover killing the other. When Peeta raises his knife, the hunter in Katniss emerges; she aims an arrow at him before she realizes that he's

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40 tossing his knife into the lake. She's ashamed of herself, but she's a natural survivor, so her reaction is true to her character and true to the doubt that she has maintained about Peeta throughout the Games. Peeta, however, says that he wants Katniss to kill him that he could not live without her. Katniss does not question him now, but she knows that she can not go back to District 12 without him. She refuses to let the Gamemakers have the final say, and when Peeta says that they have to have a victor, she knows that he's right. His statement, instead of causing her grief, gives her an idea.

The Games were all about controlling and manipulating the people of the districts, but by threatening to kill themselves with the poisonous berries, Katniss and Peeta force the Games to change, although the ultimate course of that change is left to the Capitol: Either Peeta and Katniss die and the 74th Hunger Games has no winner, or they reinstate the earlier rule and have two winners. Either way, Katniss will succeed in rebelling against the Capitol by not giving it exactly what it wants.

“We both know they have to have a victor.

Yes, they have to have a victor. Without a victor, the whole thing would blow up in the Gamemakers' faces. They'd have failed the Capitol. Might possibly even be executed, slowly and painfully while the cameras broadcast it to every screen in the country.

If Peeta and I were both to die, or they thought we were.

My fingers fumble with the pouch on my belt, freeing it. Peeta sees it and his hand clamps on my wrist. "No, I won't let you."

"Trust me," I whisper. He holds my gaze for a long moment then lets me go.

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41 …..Maybe they don’t care if we both die…The frantic voice of

Claudius Templesmith shouts above them “Stop! Stop! Ladies and gentlemen, I am pleased to present the victors of the Seventy-fourth Hunger Games, KatnissEverdeen and PeetaMellark! I give you, the tributes of District twelve!” (25.85-90)”

Katniss and Peetacan not kill each other, so they make a show of taking poisonous berries in an act of double suicide. Fortunately, the announcer comes back on before they can kill themselves, and says that they win. Finally they defeated the Hunger Games. Katniss and Peeta keep up the star-crossed lover routine for the post-games reunion and interview, knowing that this is the only way to keep from being punished by the Capitol for the rebellious trick with the poisonous berries.

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42 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing the novelthere are several points for conclusion that can be drawn. The novel describes about social class and social stratification. The social class is divided into two types: Upper class and lower class. Upper class is the owner of the production and has the power to control the lower class. This class is reflected to the Capitol in the novel. In the novel, people of the Capitol are shallow, speak in a funny, affected accent and value surface appearances, plastic surgery, and entertainment. Being one of the richest districts, they also view the Games as an entertainment in television.Lower class also knownas proletariat or labor class is the class of people employed for wages, especially in manual or industrial work. In Marxist theory and socialist literature, lower class is often used synonymously with the term proletariat, and includes all those who expend either mental or physical labor to produce economic value, or wealth in non-academic terms, for those who own the means of production. The lower class is typified by poverty, homelessness, and unemployment. People of this class, can not finish high school, suffer from lack of medical care, adequate housing and food, decent clothing, safety, and vocational training. This condition is reflected in District 12 in the novel.

The struggle of the main character is shown clearly in the novel. The writer of the novel has shown a realistic struggle of the main character of the Hunger Games. This act of the main character shows us that even the lower class has the rights to live. Katniss as the main character of the novel possessed strength, athleticism and prowess at hunting. At the death of her father, she takes on the role of feeder and

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43 money provider through hunting, associated so far to masculinity. Volunteering for her sister is a way to fulfill the role of the father. After the reaping, when she warns her mother to take care of Prim and not to cry, her position is far more husbandly than daughterly. It makes her start to fight for her life and her family life no matter what. In the novel, the writer portrayed a reality of a political life and also the differences of the government’s treatment between the rich and the poor during this time. The novel doesn’t only show the pain of the main character to become a winner, but also exposes the struggle, and capitalist’s power. Katniss struggles as a lower class is already discussed in previous chapter. It’s about the struggle in facing her life and facing the games.

5.2 Suggestion

Based on this thesis, there are some fact about our social lives and the power of government in the real life. The reality that people consist of the differences classes based on economic life. From the novel that has been analyzed, the writer hopes this analysis of class difference and struggle of the lower class can explain to the readers about class struggle and social class. The writer hopes that this thesis can become a critic for the government to protect the rights of the lower class. Also this thesis can become a suggestion for the readers who want to know more about the theory of Marxism.

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44 REFERENCES

Collins, Suzanne. 2008. The Hunger Games. United States: Scholastic Press Damon, SapardiDjoko. 2002. PedomanPenelitianSosiologiSastra. Jakarta: PusatBahasaDepartemenPendidikanNasional

Foster, E.M. 1970. Aspects of the Novel.London: Penguin Books, Ltd.

Gill, Richard. 1985. Mastering English Literature. London: Macmillan Education LTD.

Kenney, William. 1966. How to analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch Press Kuper, Leo. 1956. Race, science and Society.London: Unwin, Ltd.

Klarer, Mario. 1999. An Introduction to Literary Studies. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group

Leiris, Michael. 1963. Race and Culture. Paris: the UNESCO press

Marx, Carl. 1992. The Communist Manifesto. UK: OxfordUniversity Press. Nisbet, Robert. 1978. Sociology and Social Problems. New York: Prentice Hall. Peck, John. 1983. How to Study a Novel.London: Macmillan Education Ltd. Ratna, Dr. Nyoman Kutha.2003. ParadigmaSosiologiSastra. Yogyakarta. PustakaPelajar

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xiii After the ceremonies, the tributes begin their training. Haymitch coaches Katniss and Peeta together, per their request, and instructs them to keep their biggest strengths a secret from the other tributes. For Katniss, this means staying away from archery. After many years of hunting game in the woods, her prowess with the bow and arrow are unrivaled. The Gamemakers reward her skills, and her feistiness, with a score of 11 out of 12 during her private session with them. Peeta's biggest asset is his strength, so he stays away from weight lifting while he's around the other tributes. Haymitch tells them to remain together at all times, too. They are to appear inseparable, which, as the training goes on, becomes increasingly tiring for Katniss, who can't decide whether Peeta's kindness and compliments are genuine or simply a part of a scheme for winning the Games.

Then, just before their interviews, Peeta asks Haymitch to coach him separately. This angers Katniss, who feels betrayed, but decides that she and Peeta aren't friends and the sooner they stop pretending they are, the better things will be. At the interview, however, Peeta professes his love for Katniss, and the audience believes they are star-crossed lovers, trapped in an arena where their love cannot survive. Katniss is furious with Peeta for making her look weak in front of the audience and the other tributes. Haymitch and Cinna, however, assure Katniss that Peeta has given her an advantage, making her appear desirable.

The 74th Hunger Games begin with the tributes rising up from below ground. They stand in a circle around the metal Cornucopia, a giant golden horn that holds supplies and weapons, meant to lure the tributes in for a bloodbath. Haymitch has instructed Katniss not to run toward the Cornucopia, but to run as far away as she can

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xiv and find water immediately. Upon seeing a bow and quiver of arrows, however, Katniss questions Haymitch's advice and readies herself to retrieve them from the Cornucopia, but as she does so, she sees Peeta shaking his head at her, which distracts her long enough to make her miss the opening gong that releases the tributes. She runs in just far enough to retrieve a single backpack and then takes off into the woods, where she is most comfortable. She runs all day, placing as much distance as she can between herself and the other tributes, while taking stock of her surroundings. The woods calm her, but she's unable to find water.

That first night, while sleeping in a tree, she sees that the Careers, the tributes from the wealthier districts, have formed an alliance and are hunting the weakest tributes together. She is shocked to see that Peeta is a part of their group and decides that she can't trust him after all, that he distracted her at the Cornucopia on purpose, and that he has been misleading her all along. When she sets out the next day, she still can't find water and is close to death when she finally discovers a small pond. While in the arena, Katniss constantly has to battle hunger, dehydration, the other tributes, and the Gamemakers, who are able to send violent fires and explosions through the woods.

One night, the Careers and Peeta pin Katniss in a tree from District 11 hiding in a nearby tree, silently points out a tracker jacker nest to Katniss. Katniss cuts the nest loose, dropping it on the Careers and Peeta early the next morning. The tracker jackers kill the girl from District 4 and Glimmer, the beautiful tribute from District 1. Katniss gets stung a few times herself but is able to escape.

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xv As she's running, she remembers the bow and arrows that Glimmer had. She goes back to retrieve them before the hovercraft comes to take away Glimmer's dead body. Hallucinating from the tracker jacker venom, Katniss has a hard time concentrating, and she can hear the footsteps of the Careers returning. It's Peeta who finds her and tells her to run. He stays to fight off Cato, the violent boy tribute from District 2, and saves Katniss' life, again making her question Peeta's motives and wonder whether his feelings for her are true or simply an act for the audience.

Katniss forms an alliance with Rue, who reminds Katniss of her little sister Prim. Rue says she knew she could trust Katniss because of her mockingjay pin. Rue loves mockingjays and their songs, and Katniss and Rue decide to use the mockingjays in the arena to communicate while they carry out their plan of destroying the Careers' food supply down at the Cornucopia. Katniss sets off the Careers' own booby traps, destroying most of their food and causing Katniss to lose hearing in her left ear, but when she returns, she can't find Rue.

Following Rue's screams, Katniss appears in time to see the boy from District 1 spear Rue to death. Katniss kills him. Then she sings to Rue until she's dead and then decorates her friend's body with flowers. This memorial to Rue is seen as an act of rebellion by the Capitol; tributes from opposing districts are supposed to kill each other, not form true friendships during the Games.

With just six tributes remaining, including Katniss and Peeta, Claudius Templesmith, the Games' announcer, declares a new rule to the Games. This year, two tributes can win so long as they come from the same district. Katniss immediately sets out to find Peeta, whom she knows has been injured badly by Cato.

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xvi She finds him camouflaged in mud and in bad shape. The gash on Peeta's leg from where Cato struck him has become severely infected. Katniss takes him to a cave where he can heal in safety and, while there, she works hard to give the audience what it wants, which is romance, knowing that satisfying them will earn their support in the form of gifts. She knows, too, that if she plays the audience right, Haymitch and any sponsors he can find will deliver the very necessary gifts at the right time. She kisses Peeta and talks sweetly to him. They continue to flirt in the cave, but Peeta gets blood poisoning and Katniss knows that he won't live much longer without medication.

Claudius announces that there will be a "feast" at the Cornucopia at dawn and that there will be backpacks for each district containing something that those tributes desperately need. Katniss is sure that her backpack will contain medicine for Peeta, who says he won't let Katniss risk her life for him. Haymitch sends Katniss sleeping syrup, which she uses to put Peeta into a deep sleep while she makes her way to the Cornucopia. As she races to get her backpack, she is caught by Clove, the girl tribute from District 2, who is skilled with knives. Clove pins her to the ground, but before she can carve Katniss' face, Thresh, the boy from District 11, kills Clove and frees Katniss. Thresh lets Katniss go — just this once — because of what she did for Rue, who was the other tribute from his district. Katniss thanks Thresh, retrieves her backpack, and runs back to the cave.

The medicine in the backpack attacks Peeta's infection and he slowly regains his strength. Katniss and Peeta hunt and gather in the woods, and Katniss can't help but think of Gale and how she misses him. She wonders what Gale thinks of Peetaand

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xvii how she kisses him, but then doesn't like to think of Peeta and Gale at the same time because her feelings are so complicated. When the only remaining tributes are Katniss, Peeta, and Cato, Katniss knows that the Gamemakers will soon drive them together for their final battle.

True enough, the streams and ponds dry up, forcing the remaining tributes to head for the lake near the Cornupia for water. Katniss and Peeta go to the Cornucopia to wait for Cato. Cato emerges from the woods being chased by muttations, creatures made by the Capitol. These particular creatures are wolf-like and can balance on their hind legs. They also each represent one of the dead tributes, possessing their eyes and hair color. Peeta, Katniss, and Cato climb up the Cornucopia, trying to get out of the creatures' reach. Cato grabs Peeta, who received a deep bite and is bleeding profusely. Katniss shoots Cato in the hand, which causes him to fall to the ground where the muttations attack him. The animals gnaw on Cato through the night; Katniss shoots him with an arrow the next day to end his, and their, suffering.

Katniss and Peeta believe the Games are over, but then Claudius Templesmith's voice announces that the new rule that was previously established about two tributes winning has been revoked. Only one tribute can win. Katniss realizes this has been the Gamemakers' plan all along, to end with the star-crossed lovers and watch one of them sacrifice his or her life for the other. Katniss, however, comes up with a plan. She and Peeta both prepare to eat poisonous berries, which makes Claudius take back his most recent announcement, stating that two tributes can indeed win, declaring Katniss and Peeta as this year's Hunger Games winners.

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xviii Back in the Capitol, Katniss and Peeta are nursed back to health, their scars and burns polished smooth, though Peeta loses his leg. They will be reunited in front of an audience, but before they take the stage, Haymitch warns Katniss that the Capitol isn't happy with her. They believe that her stunt with the berries made them look like fools. Haymitch says that she must convince them that she's so madly in love with Peeta that she can't be held responsible for her actions. As Katniss takes the stage with Peeta to watch the video replay of the Games, she's aware that the most dangerous part of the Games has only just begun. During the video showing, as well as during her interview with Caesar Flickerman, Katniss is quite convincing. Peeta is as well, but he doesn't require any coaching. Katniss, thus far, has preferred to believe that Peeta is simply a more natural actor. She wonders, though, if he might truly love her.

The novel ends with Katniss and Peeta on their train ride back to District 12 as heroes. The closer she gets to home, the more confused Katniss becomes about her feelings for Peeta and about her true identity. She knows that pretending to love Peeta has saved her life and that she must continue to pretend to love him so that the Capitol doesn't punish her for her final act in the arena. Still, her mind centers on Gale and how she can't wait to be reunited with him. When Peeta finds out that Haymitch was coaching Katniss even after their return, he feels betrayed. He wants to know what has been true between them and what things will be like once they've returned to District 12. Katniss can feel him distancing himself from her and knows that she is losing him. At the novel's end, Katniss isn't sure who she is now that she's a victor in the Hunger Games. She also doesn't know whom she loves, Gale or Peeta, or where her life will go from here with the Capitol's eyes closely upon her.

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The Main Character’s Struggle As The Lower Class Society Reflected In Suzanne’s Novel The Hunger Games

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