Research participants Research instruments

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C. Research participants

In this research, the researcher conducted purposive sampling. Purposive sampling according to Ary et al. 2002 is the sample which is considered as a sample which represents the researcher’s need p.169. Cohen et al. 2000 define purposive sampling as a sample which is “satisfactory to the specific needs” p.103. Because of the availability of the respondents, the researcher looked for a class in which PBL was implemented. The researcher found that Sociolinguistics class implemented PBL as the approach in finishing the course. The researcher considered that this class could fulfill the researcher’s need about PBL. Therefore, the researcher chose Sociolinguistics class in English Language Education Study Program Sanata Dharma University as the subject of this research. Thirty seven Sociolinguistics Students class VI B were asked to answer the questionnaire given by the researcher to find out their perception of the project based learning they experienced. The researcher also conducted interview to some of the students to gain additional information supporting the research.

D. Research instruments

1. Field notes Ary et al 2002 define field notes as the most common method of recording the data during observation p.431. There are two components of field notes. The first component is the descriptive part and the second component is the reflective part. The descriptive part contains the people, the setting, the time, and 29 the real portrait of the actual situation. The reflective part contains the researcher’s feeling and comments about the activities happened in the class and the speculation about the data analysis ibid, p.431. 2. Observation Sheet The researcher used observation sheet in order to crosscheck whether theories about PBL the researcher found were also conducted in the class. This observation sheet was not used for monitoring the students or the lecturer’s activities during the lesson but to synchronize the theories of PBL in the real situation. Therefore, the items provided in this observation sheet contained the items about the characteristics of PBL according to some experts. 3. Interview In this research, the researcher conducted personal interview. As its name suggest, the researcher created a face-to-face setting with the interviewer and recorded the answers Ary et al, 2002. “One of the most important aspects of interview is its flexibility” ibid. The researcher can repeat the questions in case the respondents do not understand the questions. The researcher can also develop the questions so that there is a possibility for the researcher to gain additional information supporting the research. The interview was used to gain qualitative information about how the project based learning was implemented in the class. The researcher interviewed seven of the students of Sociolinguistics class VI B who undergo the project based learning in the class. The researcher gave open-ended questions on the interview 30 to gain as much information as possible. By providing open-ended questions the researcher allowed the participants to answer the questions more openly. 4. Questionnaire According to Ary et al. 2002: 566, “a questionnaire is an instrument in which respondents provide written responses to questions or mark items that indicate their responses.” There were two types of questions provided on the questionnaire. They were close-ended and open-ended questions. The close-ended questions were used in order to ease the researcher collected the numeric data from the participants. The open-ended questions were used in order to know the participants’ perception on PBL deeper. By providing open-ended questions the participants would feel free to answer the questions. The questionnaires were given to all of the sociolinguistic class members in order to find out their understandings and their perception about the PBL implemented in their class.

E. Data Gathering Technique