Definition of Terms INTRODUCTION

Margaret Wetherell explains that discourse is constitutive of social life. Discourse builds object, worlds, minds and social relations. It does not just reflect them. Words are about the world but they also form the world as they represent it. What is the case for humans, what reality is, what the world is, only emerges through human meaning- making Wetherell, 2001: 16. By those elaborations, it can be concluded that discourse analysis concerns with the analysis of how language can do something and how discourse constitutes social life, and how social life in the world only emerges through human meaning-making. For example, language can be used to build reputations, manage social relations among people, or event it can be used to harm people. All of those things are possible just by language, whose meanings are made by people to do those kinds of things. Relating to the human meaning-making through the discourse, it is important to examine the aspect of cohesion of the discourse itself. Halliday and Hasan stated that, Cohesion refers to the range of possibilities that exist for linking something with what has gone before. Since this linking is achieved through the relation of meaning, what is in question is the set of meaning relations which function this way: the semantic resources which are drawn on for the purpose of creating text. We can interpret cohesion, in practice, as the set of semantic resources for linking a sentence with what has gone before 1976: 10 Cohesion is expressed partly through the grammar and partly through the vocabulary. We can refer therefore to lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion. Lexical cohesion deals with reiteration and collocation while grammatical cohesion deals with reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.

a. Lexical cohesion

i. Reiteration

Reiteration is a form of lexical cohesion which involves the repetition of lexical item, at one end of the scale; the use of a general word to refer back to a lexical item, at the other end of the scale; and a number of things in between the use of synonym, near-synonym, or superordinate Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 278 Let us illustrate each of these in turn. a. There was a large mushroom growing near her, about the same height as herself; and, when she had looked under it, it occurred to her that she might as well look and see what was on the top of it. She stretched herself up on tiptoe, and peeped over the edge of the mushroom,… b. Accordingly… I took leave, and turned to the ascent of the peak. The climb is perfectly easy… c. Then quickly rose Sir Bedivere, and ran, And leaping down the ridges lightly, plung‟d Among the bulrush beds, and clutch‟d the sword And lightly wheel‟d and threw it. The great brand Made light‟nings in the splendor of the moon d. Henry‟s bought himself a new Jaguar. He practically lives in the car Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 278 In a, there is repetition: mushroom refers back to mushroom. In b climb refers back to ascent, of which it is a synonym. In c brand refers back to sword, of which it is a near-synonym. In d, car refers back to Jaguar; and car is a superordinate of Jaguar – that is, a name for a more general class Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 278 All those instances have in common the fact that lexical item refers back to another, to which it is related by having common referent Halliday and Hasan, 1976:278 When we talk about reiteration, therefore, we are including not only the