Fourth, character can be analyzed through past life. A character’s past life let the readers to know what factors that shape a person’s character. Fifth, the
readers can analyze a character by paying attention to the conversation of other characters. Here readers can analyze a character by seeing other characters’
conversation about a character. What other characters say about a character may become a clue of his or her personality. Sixth, readers can analyze a character by
focusing on his or her reactions toward the various situations and events. How the person reaches various situations will give a clue to the readers to know a person’s
character. How the character solves the problems shows his or her personality. Seventh, a character can be analyzed by direct comments. Direct
comments make the readers have a better understanding about a character in a story. Eighth, readers can analyze a character by paying attention to a character’s
thought. The reader will be able to know a person’s character through what the character is thinking about and what is going on in the person’s mind. And the last
way to analyze a character can be done by seeing a character’s mannerism, habits or particular behavior. The habits or activity of the character can help the readers
to see his characterization.
c. Theory of Critical Approach
Reading a novel offers many advantages. Besides the interesting story, there are many life values that we can get by reading a novel. The life values
provided by a novel are very good to improve our knowledge. However, readers have to comprehend and analyze the story to get the life values of the novel. For
that reason, readers need some approaches in analyzing the values. Rohrberger and Woods Jr. 6-15 state there are five approaches that we can use to analyze
and make understandable judgment of the literary works. The five approaches are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical
approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach. The formalist approach focuses on the total integrity of a literary work. It
concerns on its esthetic value. It investigates the work of literature itself. It examines a literary work without the reference to facts of the author’s life and the
genre of a literary history, society and culture. The biographical approach is used when readers want to examine a literary work based on the author’s ideas and
personality understanding of the literary work. The critics insist that a work of art is a reflection of a personality. The sociocultural-historical approach deals with
the reference of social, cultural and historical background of a literary work. The critics of this approach believe that it is necessary to investigate the society and
culture in which a work was created. The mythopoeic approach attempts to find particular recurrent patterns of human thought, which are considered sharing the
same universal beliefs to certain community mind. Finally, the psychological approach, involves effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. This
approach deals with human’s psychology aspects such as imagination, thought and behavior.
d. Theory of Conflict
According to Roberts and Jacobs 88 “conflict may be presented not as direct opposition, but rather as a set of comparative or contrastive ideas or
values.” While Jaffe and Scott 2 state that “conflict simply means that a story brings together two opposing forces which we call a protagonist that is, “one who
struggles for” and an antagonist “one who struggles against” and then resolves the resultant struggle between these forces.” According to them conflict is a
necessary element in fiction. They state that conflict is the backbone of a story; it is conflict that provides the pattern and direction and gives the sense of a story
going somewhere. On the other hand, Stanton 16 explains that there are two kinds of conflicts, “the internal conflicts between two desires within a character”
and “the external conflicts between characters or between a character and his environment.”
2. Sociological Theory of Conflict
