1. The coloniser It is noted on the book of The Wretched of the Earth that the colonial
world is inhabited by two different species; the foreigner who comes from another country and the local. The foreigner here is known as the coloniser. It emphasises
that the foreigner or the coloniser imposes his rule by humiliation, manipulation, and exploitation in military, economic, and political aspects on the local Fanon,
1963: 38-40. 2. Postcolonialism
It is stated on the book of Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies that postcolonialism talks about the effects of colonialisation on cultures and societies.
It concerns on the study of European territorial conquests, the institutions of European colonialisms, the discursive operation of empire, the subtleties of the
subject construction in colonial discourse and the resistance of those subjects, and the differing responses to such incursions and their contemporary colonial
legacies in pre-and post-independence nations and societies Ashcroft et al, 1998: 186-187.
3. Representation Based on the Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture,
representation is defined as “the act of representing or state of being represented, or something that represents something else” 2005: 1169. In Edgar and
Sedgwick’s Cultural Theory The Key Concepts, representation has a political meaning or a more nuanced meaning, which may be used in the mass media, in
order to present images of certain social groups 2002: 339.
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4. Western Hegemony
Deborah Moore Haddad on the article Hegemony written in International Encyclopedia of Government and Politics points out that hegemony is the
influence of a powerful state in economic, political, cultural, and military to others 1996: 563. The book of Literary Theory mentions, “hegemony is an arrangement
of domination accepted by those who are dominated. Ruling groups dominate not by pure force but through a structure of consent, and culture is part of this
structure that legitimises current social arrangements” Culler, 1997: 48. Here, the term “western hegemony” is used to imply that it is about western culture,
western point of view, western traditions and so on.
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter consists of three parts, namely Review of Related Studies, Review of Related Theories, and Theoretical Framework. Review of Related
Studies gives the information about the position of this study. Review of Related Theories contains theories, which are applied in the study. Theoretical Framework
tells about the contribution of the theories and reviews to solve the problems of the study.
A. Review of Related Studies
This part focuses on the reviews of J. M. Coetzee and his works, which are written in Postcolonial Discourses An Anthology, Encyclopedia, The Post-
Colonial Studies Reader, Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies, The Empire Writes Back, Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture, and online
references. Being internationally discussed, many writers both the whites and the
locals are carrying the racial issues and the situation in South Africa as the themes of their works. John M. Coetzee is one of those writers, who are bringing the
literary life of South Africa to the world The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 1983: 73. However, Coetzee is also known as a Professor of English literature
who won the Booker Prize in 1983 and 1999 for his novels The Life and Times of
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Michael K and Disgrace. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2003 Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture, 2005: 261.
The book of Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies mentions that “J. M. Coetzee on his novel Waiting for the Barbarians demonstrates the ways in which
imperial discourse constructs its otherness in order to confirm its own reality” Aschroft et all, 1998: 173. Hellen Tiffin on her article Post-colonial Literatures
and Counter-discourse written on The Post-Colonial Studies Reader says that J. M. Coetzee in his novel Foe and his other works is not simply ‘writing back’ to
the English canonical text, but to the complex discursive field in which the text operated and continues to operate in post-colonial world 1995: 98. It is noted on
the book of The Empire Writes Back that J. M. Coetzee is one of the writers who recreates certain works from English ‘canon’ in postcolonial terms, not simply by
changing to the opposite of the hierarchical order but by interrogating the philosophical assumptions on which that order was based Ashcroft et al, 1989:
33. Thus, from his typical works, J. M. Coetzee can be considered as one of the postcolonial writers.
Alan Riding in Coetzee, Writer of Apartheid as Bleak Mirror, Wins Nobel states that Coetzee is South Afican novelist who uses the apartheid system and its
post-apartheid transition to mirror the bleakness of the human condition. According to the Swedish Academy quoted by Riding, Coetzee in his novels turns
an existentialist spotlight on individual behaviour. It is clear in the quotation as follows.
“At the decisive moment Coetzee’s characters stand behind themselves, motionless, incapable of taking part in their own actions. But passivity is
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