THE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE OF HOKKIEN CHINESE IN KOTA LANGSA.

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i ABSTARCT

Zulfadli. Registration Number: 8146111074. The Language Maintenance of Hokkien Chinese in Kota Langsa. Thesis. Program Study Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana Unimed. 2016.

This study deals with the language maintenance of Hokkien Chinese Kota Langsa. This study aimed to (1) identify the factors which effect Hokkien Chinese maintenance in Kota Langsa. (2) find out way the speakers have to maintan their native language. (3) find out the reason speakers og Hokkien chinese maintain their language.It employs qualitative research design. The participants of this study are 50 Hokkien Chinese people that are Sex(male and female), parents at the age of25 -50 years old (as second generation) 25 person,and then the second group are childrens st the age of 7– 14 years old (as a third generations) 25 person, the researcher were used data collection by giving 20 questionaire to get information or data from parent and 5 questions in interview to get information from children related to factors in maintaining Hokkien Chinese language. The data were analyzedby Miles, Hubberman`s and Saldana’s(2014:12) interactive model. The results of the research found that (1) the factors which supportedHokkien Chinese maintenance in Kota Langsa were left together and see each other frequently, use of the language in family domain(intramarriage and intermarriage), use of the language in neighborhood domain, use of the language in religion domain. (2) strategies of language maintenance are maintain their language by habitually used Hokkien Chinese language in daily communication, living together family member and relatives made Hokkien Chinese language as their home language. Considering the Hokkien Chinese as an important symbol of Chinese identity, (3) the reason speaker of Hokkien Chinese maintain their language they are proud their language, to express their identity as Hokkien Chinese ethnic, to achieved self pride as a chinese, to showed their uniquenessand diversity compare to another ethnic.

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ii ABSTRAK

Zulfadli. Registration Number: 8146111074. The Language Maintenance of Hokkien Chinese in Kota Langsa (Pemertahann Bahasa China Hokkien di Kota Langsa). Thesis. Program Study Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana Unimed. 2016.

Penelitian ini merupakan kajian tentang pemertahanan bahasa China di Kota Langsa. Thesis ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengindentifikasi faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan bahasa China Hokkien bertahan di Kota Langsa. (2) menemukan bagaimana cara pembicara dapat mempertahankan bahasa asli mereka. (3) menemukan alasan pembicara China Hokkien dapat mempertahankan bahasa mereka. Desain penelitian ini yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif yang mengkaji tentang peran penutur bahasa China dalam mempertahankan bahasa China Hokkien di Kota Langsa. Dalam penelitian ini, dengan jumlah peserta 50 orang yang bersuku China Hokkien yaitu laki-laki dan perempuan. Orang tua berusia 25-50 tahun sebagai generasi kedua dan kelompok kedua dengan usia 7-14 tahun sebagai generasi ketiga 25 orang. Penulis mengumpulkan data dengan menggunakan kuesioner untuk mendapatkan informasi dari orang tua dengan menjawab 20 pertanyaan dan interview untuk mendapatkan informasi dari anak-anak yang berhubungan dengan factor pemertahanan bahasa China Hokkie. Data analisis berdasarkan dengn Miles, Hubberman’s dan Saldana’s (2014:12) yaitu inteactive model analisis. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa (1) faktor yang mendukung pemertahanan bahasa China Hokkien adalah tinggal bersama-sama, dominan mengunakan bahasa di dalam keluarga, lebih dominan menggunakan bahasa dengan tetangga, dan dominan menggunakan bahasa didalam keagamaan. (2) strategi pemertahanan bahasa adalah mempertahankan bahasa mereka dengan keseringan menggunakan bahasa China Hokkien di dalam komunikasi sehari-hari, relatif membuat bahasa China Hokkien sebagai bahasa mereka dirumah. Menghubungkan China Hokkien sebagai simbol identitas. (3) alasan pembicara China Hokkien memperthankan bahasa mereka adalah mereka bangga dengan bahasa mereka, untuk mengexpresikan identitas mereka sebagai suku China Hokkien, untuk mencapai kebanggaan mereka sendiri sebagai orang China, untuk menolong komunitas China Hokkien untuk melestarikan bahasa mereka, dan menunjukkan keunikan perbedaan perbandingan kepada suku lain.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

ABSTRACT ... i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

LIST OF TABLES ... ix

LIST OF APPENDICES ... x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 The Problem of the Study ... 5

1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 6

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 6

1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 8

2.1.1 Language and Culture ... 8

2.1.2 Language Choice ... 10

2.1.3 Language Maintenance ... 12

2.1.4 Language Attitudes ... 16

2.1.5 The Domain Of Language Use ... 17

2.1.6 The Factors Affecting Language Maintenance ... 19

2.1.6.1 Family Domain... 21

2.1.6.2 Neighborhood Domain ... 24

2.1.6.3 Living Together and see each other frequently ... 25

2.1.6.4 Religion Domain ... 26

2.1.7 Strategy for Language Maintenance ... 28

2.2 Relevant Studies ... 31

2.3 Conceptual Framework ... 35

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 The Research Design ... 37

3.2. Site and Participant ... 36

3.2.1 Site ... 36

3.2.2 Participant ... 36

3.3 The Technique of Data Collection ... 39

3.4 The Instrument of Data Collection ... 39

3.5 The Trustworthiness of the Study ... 40

3.6 The Technique of Data Analysis ... 41

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 The Data and Data Analysis ... 45

4.1.1 The factors which support Hokkien Chinese maintenance in Kota Langsa ... 45

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4.1.1.1 Use of language in family domain ... 45

4.1.1.2 Use of language in neighborhood domain ... 49

4.1.1.3 Living together and see each other frequently ... 52

4.1.1.4 Use of language in religion domain ... 56

4.1.2 Strategies of language maintenance ... 62

4.1.3 The reason the speaker of Hokkien Chinese maintain their language ... 64

4.2 Finding ... 66

4.3 Discussion ... 67

4.3.1 The factor affecting Hokkien Chinese language ... 67

4.3.2 The strategies of Hokkien Chinese language maintenance ... 69

4.3.3 The reason for maintaining Hokkien Chinese language ... 70

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 72

5.2 Suggestions ... 73

REFERENCES ... 75

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Pages Appendix 1. Questionnaire ... 78 Appendix 2. The factors result language maintenance of Hokkien Chinese ... 80 Appendix 3. Interview ... 81 Appendix 4. The Questionnaire result of strategies language maintenance .... 82 Appendix 5.The Questionnaire result of reason language maintenance ... 83 Appendix 6. Transcript of interview ... 84

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Language is needs for every human being to communicate to other peoples. Language is the basis of all communication. Without language, no culture in the society will not develope because people will lack a means whichthey can express their ideas to one another. Language can not be separated from human life because it plays an important role in the process of social interaction. Think of language, there happens cooperation and interaction between people. Talk to our friends, families and associates by using a language as a medium of communication. All people in the society communicate and express their feeling by using a language. Sociolinguistics is not study about society but also the correlation between society and the language.

Nowadays, language shift potentially happen in vernaculars in Indonesia. Gunarwan (2004) found that Lampung language was shifted because of Indonesian language pressure. Siregar (1998) also found that language shift happens in the young generationbilingual society in Medan. The data show that the language shift happens in Indonesia continually.

Weinreich (1968) defines that language shift is often used to refer to change at a community level and the terms language loss or non acquisition of language are use in reference to an individual’s declining or use of a group’s

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original language with concurent inreace or dominant use of another more widely use language. If the language shift cannot use of another more widely use language. If the language shift can not be stop, the minority language will lose. Language is one of ethnic identity symbol. It means that Indonesia will lose one of its ethnic identities. In keeping the existence of ethnic identity needs language maintenance.

Pauwels (2005) states that language maintenance is generallay applied to individuals or community of speakers continuing to use their language in a situation of language contact, where there is competition from one or more languages to be the sole language is important. It is supported by Holmes (2001) said that where the language is considered as an important symbol of minority group’s identity, it is likely to be maintenained longer. Language maintenance refers to the situation where speech community continue to use its vernacular language. Based on theory, it’s mean that language that maintain by individuals and communities they retain the language valuethat language will be maintainfor regeneration.

Tondo (2009) argued that, one of the factors of language shift is intermarriage, social interaction of interethnic in Indonesia especially marriage between different ethnic will cause the process of extinction of vernacular language. The couples of intermarriage family often dificult in maintaining their own vernacular language and they have to choose one of the language which will be use in their daily communication.

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Indonesia is a multicultural country which a lots of varieties of ethnics and varieties of vernacular language spread all over Indonesia. The varieties of ethnics group also spread in Kota Langsa, Langsa is a developing city that locate in Aceh province, in Kota Langsa develop two kinds of social interactions there are interraction between the same ethnic or intra ethnic and interaction between different ethnic or interethnic. The interaction between interethnic groups in Kota Langsa is potentially occur marriage between different ethnic or call as intermarriage.

In Kota Langsa is mayorities communication with Bahasa Indonesia from dialy communication with other peoples, school, and friendmate. Bahasa Indonesia is used as the dominant language in Hokkien Chinese families. It means, when Hokkien Chinese is not in common use in those families, it will be dengerous stage. The use of Bahasa Indonesia in all activities makes unbalanced of Hokkien Chinese language and also to protect their language from language globalization that is English beside Bahasa Indonesia and also human error. The inter-marriage family find it difficultto apply their local language because they have different language.

Many Hokkien Chinese can speak different languages in contact their lives because they are immigrants in Kota Langsa such as Aceh language, Java language, act. One of the effective ways to cover children’s indigenous language is throught family and parent habitual action because, parent have a dominat role to form the children language use in their environment. The use of vernacular at

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home is a good way for nucleus and extend family to keep using the vernacular language to help the maintenance of language.

The writer choosed Langsa City as a location of his research because of Langsa City is a city which consists of multicultural ethnics who live in Langsa City. There are lots of Hokkien Chinese migrants settle and intermarriage in Langsa City. Hokkien Chinese language use as the language of bussiness. Islam is the majority religion in Langsa City, Christian is also a part of the population, Buddism widely adopted by the community of Chinese. Langsa City is rich of cultural heritage and ethnic differences, however, people still live in peace and have a strong religius tolerence. Langsa City is near to the capital city of Medan, North Sumatera, Langsa City as a strategic city for immigrants

Asfind in Langsa City that Hokkien Chinese still maintain Hokkien Chinese language in communication. The researcher findout the maintenance of Hokkien Chinese in the following conversation betweenHokkien Chinese.

Table: 1 Chinese Hokkien – English Conversations

No Chinese Hokkien English Language

1 Memey, ai khi talok lu? Memey, where will you go?

2 Wa ai khi khi’a I go to talk a walk

3 Kak hamang lu khi? With whom you go?

4 Wa kaki khi thak hong chia I go alone by bychicle

5 Lu ciak taim syim boi? Did you taken breakfast?

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7 wa khi seng a? I go fisrt.

8 Siau syim a Be careful

Based on the conversation above, show that they use Hokkien Chinese language when they communicate with their friend. The transfer of Hokkien Chinese language in young generation is still continue, eventhrough their children use Bahasa Indonesia in daily conversation, but they can speak China Hokkien language. By using Hokkien Chinese language they can show their identity asHokkien Chinese. As Carson (2001) said that the maintenance of a heritage language is vital for the self-identity and esteem of its speakers. The otherhand they must be protected, preserved and maintained.

The phenomena and the theories above the researcher interest to find out the factors affecting language maintenance in Langsa City. How they maintain their language and their reason why they use or maintain Hokkien Chinese language.The previous research try to see environment their communication from friendmate and family. I find out thatHokkien Chinese language community. The factors that influence young generation in maintaining the addressing terms namely: parents’ role, attitude, demography and environment. In this case, family tradition very instrumental ethnic identity and politeness are the reasons of young

generation maintenance the addressing terms.

1.2 The Problems of the study

This study is focused on language maintenance ofHokkien Chinese, and the sub focus is study will be conduct to investigate how is the Hokkien Chinese

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maintain their language. Specially, the study adresses maintenance the following research questions.

1. What factors do effect the maintenance of Hokkien Chinese in Kota

Langsa?

2. How do the speakers of Hokkien Chinese maintain their native languages?

3. Why do the speakers of Hokkien Chinese maintain their native languages?

1.3 The Objectives of the study

The objectives of this study are to answer the research question. To be more specific of the objectives of the study are:

1) to identify the factors which effect Hokkien Chinese maintenance in Kota

Langsa.

2) to find out how the speakers maintain their native language.

3) to find out the reason why the speaker of Hokkien Chinesemaintain their

language in Kota Langsa. 1.4 The Scope of the Study

A study on language maintenance is closely relate to language planning program. The maintenance of a language is meant to avoid its disappearence. It is a fact that the younger generation should be aware of their vernacular that shift in a big city. There are many language used in Langsa City, because the mayorities in Langsa City are immigrant from other ethnic. But this study only focuses on Hokkien Chinese language. Hokkien Chinese is investigated Hokkien Chinese language maintenace.

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Therefore, the scope of this thesis is Hokkien Chinese community, and the second generation take as the subject. It is of prime important to prevent its existence of the second generation (namely parent), who move from their hometown to other country, the childrens always maintain their language.

1.5 The Significant of the Study

Findings of the study expect to have both theorietically and practicallysignificances for develop. Theorietically, the findings of the study add up more horizons to the theories of language maintain.

Pratically, the findings can be useful guides and references for speakers of Hokkien Chinese or decision makers to perserve and maintain the Hokkien Chinese language. In additions, the findings are relevant and useful for goverment officials in designing theHokkien Chinese language learning programs and the findings can be reference to further studies of the Hokkien Chinese language. Futher findings of the study can be referencesfor mapping maintainability of the Hokkien Chinese speakers and other result study.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

This thesis is about the Hokkien Chinese langguage maintenance among the speakers in kampung Toko Belakang langsa, it was aimed to found the factors support Hokkien Chinese language maintenance in Kota Langsa. Based on the analysis, the conclusions are stated in the following:

1. Factor affecting Hokkien Chinese language maintenance in Kota Langsa are: living together and see each other frequently, use of the language in family domain (intramarriage and intermarriage), use of the language in neighborhood domain, use of the language in religion domain and practice traditional ceremony. Living together and see each other frequently and ethno linguistic vitality have big role in Hokkien Chinese language maintenance. It means that living togther and see each other, they able to practice and speak the language in their environment and their daily communication and their daily conversation. Using the language in their daily conversation affected them to maintain their langauge and increased their were proud of Hokkien Chinese language, showed their identities. 2. The strategies of language maintenance that conducted by Hokkien

Chinese in Kota Langsa they were as using vernacular language in social meeting, establish traditional organizationl. The more dominant startegies

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that conducted by Hokkien Chinese in Kota Langsa to maintain Hokkien Chinese.

3. Proud being Hokkien Chinese and speak Hokkien Chinese language are reasons of the Hokkien Chinese people in maintaining Hokkien Chinese language. Futhermore, by using Hokkien Chinese langguage shows their identity as Hokkien Chinese people. Hokkien Chinese is element of national culture and also a source of communication Hokkien Chinese language are other reasons why they maintain Hokkien Chinese language.

5.2 Suggestion

In relation to the conclusions, there are several suggestions that are need to be share to some elements:

1. It is suggest to Hokkien Chinese parent to use language in their daily communication. The habitually in using Hokkien Chinese language effect their children acquisition. Certainly, the children will learn the language from their parents. They acquire Hokkien Chinese language and the children can practice it with their parents and with other Hokkien Chinese people in their daily communication.

2. It suggest that parent should play important roles to maintain the Hokkien Chinese, by teaching and practicing Hokkien Chinese languageto the children at home and also for the young generation of Hokkien Chineselanguageare suggest to be able to use Hokkien Chinese languageas the symbols of Hokkien Chinese heritage and ethnic prides.

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3. Indonesia is a country of islands and consist of many ethnic groups. Some of the ethnic groups are endanger, one of them is Hokkien Chinese. This is cause by the entry of foreign cultures through several media, which indirectly affect the development of culture and language. And therefore it is recomend to all element who responsible for the preservation of Hokkien Chinese ethnic to perserve the culture and language through books and articles on Hokkien Chinese culture. And this is actually the responsible of the elder man of Hokkien Chinese people, to book information about Hokkien Chinese, to make it easier for the next researcher to do some research about Hokkien Chinese.

4. To maintain a certain culture is through introducing the culture especially to the teenegers who affect by some foreign culture. So that it is suggest to the Hokkien Chinese organization, not to leave the Hokkien Chinese tradition an dsome gatherings so that the language will be keep use.

5. The next research is suggest to elaborate more about factors affecting language maintenance, strategies and reasons of maintaining language. 6. To the Hokkien Chinese people, to be aware of this phenomenon and keep

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72 CHAPTER V