THE MAINTENANCE OF SILADANG LANGUAGE.

THE MAINTENANCE OF SILADANG LANGUAGE

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Postgraduate Program, In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Degree of Magister Humaniora

By:

HORIA SIREGAR

Register Number: 8136111028

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY

PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

ABSTRACT

Siregar, Horia. Registration Number 8136111028. The Maintenance of Siladang Language. Thesis. English Applied Linguistic Study program, Post Graduate School, State University of Medan (UNIMED). 2016.

This study observed Siladang language maintenance in Desa Sipapaga. The objectives of the study are (1) to examine the factors affecting language maintenance (2) to find out the strategies in maintaining the Siladang language in Desa Sipapaga and (3) to find out the reasons of the Siladang people in maintaining their language in Desa Sipapaga. The method of this study was descriptive qualitative research. The participants were 20 Siladang people who live in Desa Sipapaga were taken by purposive random sampling. The data were taken from questionnaire and interview as instruments. The questionnaire used to answer the factors affecting Siladang language maintenance and the strategies in maintaining Siladang language. Then, the interview used to answer the reasons of the Siladang people maintained Siladang language. The data were analyzed by using steps provided by Gay, L.R and Peter, A. (1996). This study found the following results (1) There are seven factors affecting Siladang language maintenance in Desa Sipapaga such as, Ethno linguistic vitality, living together and see each other frequently, use of language in family domain (intra and inter marriage family, use of language in neighbor domain, use of language in religion domain, use of language in workplace domain, and practice traditional ceremony, (2) In maintaining the Siladang language, the Siladang people in Desa Sipapaga conducted some strategies like; family language policy, using Siladang language in their daily life frequently, the using of Siladang language in cultural activity like in wedding ceremony. (3) The reasons of the Siladang people maintain their language are; they were proud being Siladang people and speak Siladang language, and speak Siladang language shows their identity as Siladang people.

ABSTRAK

Siregar, Horia. Nomor Pendaftaran 8136111028. Pemertahanan Bahasa Siladang. Tesis. Jurusan Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan. (UNIMED). 2016.

Penelitian ini menggambarkan pemertahanan bahasa Siladang di Desa Sipapaga. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) untuk menguji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemertahanan bahasa, (2) untuk menemukan strategi-strategi mempertahankan bahasa Siladang di Desa Sipapaga, dan (3) untuk menemukan alasan-alasan orang Siladang masih mempertahankan Bahasa Siladang di Desa Sipapaga. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptip kualitatif. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah 20 orang Siladang yang tinggal di Desa Sipapaga diambil dengan dengan pertimbangan tertentu. Data diambil dari kuesioner dan interview sebagai instrumen. Kuesioner digunakan untuk menjawab faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemertahanan Bahasa Siladang dan strategi apa yang mempengaruhi pemertahanan bahasa Siladang. Sedangkan interview digunakan untuk menjawab alasan orang Siladang masih mempertahankan bahasa Siladang. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan langkah-langkah yang ditetapkan oleh Gay, L.R dan Peter, A. (1996). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) ada tujuh faktor yang mempengaruhi pemertahanan bahasa Siladang di Desa Sipapaga seperti, kebanggaan terhadap suku dan bahasa Siladang, tinggal bersama dan sering berjumpa satu sama lain, menggunakan bahasa Siladang di rumah (pernikahan sesuku dan tidak sesuku), menggunakan bahasa Siladang di lingkungan tetangga, menggunakan bahasa Siladang di keagamaan, mengunakan bahasa Siladang di tempat kerja, dan mengikuti adat istiadat. (2) Dalam mempertahankan bahasa Siladang, orang Siladang di Desa Sipapaga melakukan beberapa cara yaitu aturan penggunaan bahasa Siladang di rumah, menggunakan bahasa Siladang setiap berkomunikasi dengan orang lain, menggunakan bahasa Siladang di acara Adat, (3) Alasan mengapa orang Siladang mempertahankan bahasanya adalah; karena mereka bangga menjadi orang Siladang dan juga bangga berbicara bahasa Siladang, dan bahasa Siladang menunjukkan identitas mereka sebagai orang Siladang.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Bismillahirrahmanirrahim

The writer would like to express her deep devotion and thanks to the almighty Allah SWT, for everything has given to the writer to finishing this thesis. Shalawat and Salam to Prophet Muhammad SAW as the messenger, has brought the humankind from the bad characters to the good ones.

In the process of completing this thesis, there are many people who have assisted and suggested the materials to be impossible to name all at some deserve the honor to be noted.

Firstly, the writer would like to express her gratitude to Professor. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., her first adviser for the guidance, assistant, encouragement and valuable suggestions and critics from these great heroes in education, in the process of writing this thesis.

Secondly, the writer would like to express her gratitude to Professor. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. her second adviser for his available time spent for consultation, great supervision and full support in shaping this thesis.

The writer would also like to express her gratitude to the head, English Applied Linguistics Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and his secretary Professor. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, MS and Farid Ma’ruf who have assisted her in the process of administration requirement during the process of her study in the postgraduate program.

She would like to take special occasion to express her gratitude to Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum., Dr. Didik Santoso, M.Pd., and Dr. I Wayan Dirgeyasa Tangkas, M. Hum., being her reviewers and examiners for the valuable inputs to

be include in this thesis. Furthermore, she would like to express her high appreciation to all lectures of English Applied study program UNIMED Medan, who have shared their knowledge and experience her during study. And thank you note addressed to her colleagues in class A of English Applied Linguistics in take XXIII for the cooperation and friendly being in the “same boat”.

Last but not least, on a personal level, the writer would like to dedicate her love and sincerest gratitude to her beloved parents Alm. Abdul Hasyim and Rospiati Hasibuan, her beloved brothers Rustam Siregar and Zulham Efendi for their sincere and most reliable comfort and above all, their love and support.

Medan, December 2015

Horia Siregar

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

LIST OF TABLES ... vii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1Background of the Study ... 1

1.2Problems of the Study ... 5

1.3Objectives of the Study ... 5

1.4Scope of the Study ... 6

1.5Significances of the Study ... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE ... 7

2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 7

2.1.1 Language Maintenance ... 7

2.1.1.1Language Change ... 10

2.1.1.2Language Endangerment ... 12

2.1.2 Factors Affecting Language Maintenance ... 16

2.1.3 Strategy for Language Maintenance ... 22

2.1.4 Reasons for Language Maintenance ... 24

2.1.5 Siladang Society and its Language ... 26

2.2 Relevant Studies... 30

2.3 Conceptual Framework ... 34

CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH ... 36

3.1 Research Method ... 36

3.2 Subjects of the Study ... 36

3.3 Technique of Data Collection ... 37

3.4 Instrument of Data Collection ... 38

3.5 Trustworthiness of the Study ... 38

CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION 42

4.1 Data Analysis ... 42

4.1.1 Factors Affecting Siladang Language Maintenance ... 42

4.1.1.1 Ethno Linguistic Vitality ... 43

4.1.1.2 Living Together and See each Other Frequently ... 43

4.1.1.3 Using Language in Family Domain (Intra marriage and Intermarriage) ... 45

2.1.2.4 Using Language in Neighbourhood Domain ... 48

2.1.2.5 Using Language in Religion Domain ... 49

2.1.2.6 Using Language in Workplace Domain ... 50

2.1.2.7 Practice of AdatIstiadat (Traditional) Ceremony ... 51

4.1.2 Strategies of Language Maintenance ... 52

4.1.2.1 Family Language Policy ... 53

4.1.2.2 Using Siladang Language in their Daily Communication ... 54

4.1.2.3 Using Siladang Language in Cultural Activity ... 55

4.1.3 The reasons of maintaining Siladang Language ... 56

4.1.3 Proud being Siladang people ... 57

4.1.4 Show the identity as Siladang People ... 58

4.2 Findings... 59

4.3 Discussions ... 59

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION ... 69

5.1 Conclusion ... 66

5.2 Suggestion ... 67

REFERENCES ... 69

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 2.1 Factors in Evaluating the Vitality of a Language ... 15 Table 2.2 Siladang Language ... 30 Table 1 Strategy of language maintenance of family language policy ... 53 Table 2 Strategy of language maintenance by using Siladang Language in daily

communication ... 54 Table 3 Strategy of language maintenance by using Siladang language in cultural

activity ... 55 Table 4 Reasons for Siladang people maintain Siladang language ... 57

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Questionniare ... 73

Appendix 2. Interview ... 76

Appendix 3. List of Particpnats’ Identities ... 77

Appendix 4. Result of Interview ... 78

Appendix 5. Table 1 Ethno Linguistic factor ... 104

Appendix 6. Table 2 Living together and see each other frequently factor ... 106

Appendix 7. Table 3 The use of language in family domain (intra marriage And intermarriage) ... 108

Appendix 8. Table 4 The use of language in neighbourhood domain ... 110

Appendix 9. Table 5 The use of language in religion domain ... 112

Appendix 10. Table 6 The use of language in workplace domain ... 112

Appendix 11. Table 7 Practice traditional ceremony ... 113

Appendix 12. Table 8 Strategies of language maintenance by using family Language policy ... 117

Appendix 13. Table 9 Strategies of language maintenance y using Siladang Language in daily communication frequently ... 119

Appendix 14. Table 10 Strategies of language maintenance by using Siladang Language in cultural activity ... 121

Appendix 15. Table 11 Reasons of maintaining Siladang language with proud beingSiladang people ... 123

Appendix 16. Table 12 Reasons of maintaining Siladang language by showing The identity as Siladang people ... 125

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study

In Indonesia, there are hundreds of ethnic languages that consist of five big islands and hundreds of small islands. Each island has some ethnic groups which are create of many languages. Each of these languages is unique. Based on the data of UNESCO in the year of 2001, there are 6.900 languages in the world, and 2.500 of them are extinction. UNESCO said that Indonesia is facing a very big danger of language shift. Based on the data of UNESCO, almost 200 languages do not exist any longer after three generations, because they lost their native speakers.

Similarly, as it was informed by Multamia (2008), about 736 of 746 vernaculars in Indonesia are endangered. One of the languages that issued in endanger is Siladang language. She also explained that generally the numbers of the vernacular languages’ speakers tend to be less caused of there is no writing form of the language. Thus, the oral tradition that developed in minority languages if not immediately documented it will be difficult to maintain their existence. But, it is not occurred for Siladang language, this language is still well and alive. Siladang language is not extinct because the speakers are still use the language until now, and there are more than 2000 inhabited. The language will face the endangered language if the speakers are less than 500 speakers.

Siladang language is one of vernacular in Indonesia. There are two tribes in Siladang language namely the Lubu and the Ulu. Lubu and Ulu tribes come from Minangkabau who fled to Mandailing because of a lot of wars. Ulu tribe’s

language is different from Mandailing language that exists in area of South Tapanuli. Siladang language also absorbs Mandailing vocabulary and mixes it with Ulu language. The change of the language occurred in the pronunciation and phoneme of the words.

Language is a cultural identity. Language and identity are inextricably linked each other and in order to save identity, language users must attempt to save their language. Similarly, Thomas, et. al. (1999:158-159) said that the use of language is one way that is used to establish our identity and shaping of other people’s views of who we are. Thus, language plays an important role in defining who we are, and makes us instantly recognizable to other members of our particular speech community.

For Siladangnese people, using Siladang language in their daily communication, it is show the identity of Siladangnese. Siladang language is a symbol identity of Siladangnese. Ethnic identity is the way in which the expression through a language. Attachment to language is as strong as people regard themselves as social group, which is influenced largely by how the larger society regards them. Language must be maintained because language showed the identity of the language users. As Holmes (2001:63) stated that where language is considered as important symbol of a minority group's identity, the language is likely to be maintained longer. Moreover Corson (2001:174) said that the maintenance of a heritage language is vital for the self-identity and esteem of its speakers. Therefore, language must be protected, preserved and maintained. It also done by the Siladangnese speakers, the increasing of the dominant language is not affect the Siladang language, it can be seen from the used of

words such as; oku (I), oko (You), Bopok (Father), Nanang (Mather), mantuhe (Aunt), momok (Ancle) are still used by them until now.

Language maintenance refers to the situation where speech community continues to use its traditional language in the face of a host of conditions that might foster a shift to another language. It is the product of language contact where a linguistic minority or a dominated ethno linguistic group is successful in keeping its original language in spite of the pressure exhorted on it by a dominant linguistic group.

As the research conducted by Dweik and Al-Obaidi (2014) talked about Syriac Language Maintenance among the Assyrians of Iraq. They found that the Assyrians have been successful in maintaining their ethnic language despite the long-term contact with many languages such Arabic, Kurdish, Turkish and Persian. The factors that helped the maintain the Syriac language include using it at home with family members and relatives, the church, the tight social relations, the media, the positive attitudes they exert towards it and internal marriages. Related to this research, this study also observed the factors of the maintenance of the Siladang language. The existences of Siladang language toward the Mandailing language one of the researcher’s reason interested to do the research about the maintenance of the Siladang language, and this language became potential phenomenon in linguistics study to be researched.

Actually, language shift potentially happen in vernaculars in Indonesia. It happens in Indonesia continually. Bilingualism/multilingualism is one of factors which affected the language shift. Siladangnese people are multilingual; they can speak Siladang language, Mandailing language and Bahasa Indonesia. Beside

that, the Mandailing language is more dominant in their society, because their territory is still region of Panyabungan. When they out from their territory they are prefer to use Mandailing language or Bahasa Indonesia because it is more prestigious than their language. From this phenomenon, the language shift might be happened. But, in fact Siladang language is still maintained. The Siladangnese people are still used this language in their society, particularly in their home, because of that their children also can speak this language.

Based on the observation, living together and see each other frequently is one of the main factors that affect Siladangnese people maintaining their language. Beside, there are another factors can affect the maintenance of Siladang language such as ethno linguistic vitality, the using of language in family domain (Intra marriage and intermarriage), use of language in neighborhood domain, use of language in workplace domain, use of language in religion domain, and practice Adat Istiadat (traditional) ceremony. Beside the factors in maintaining the language, the ways and reasons of the Siladangnese speakers using the language are also important one to be observed.

Based on the explanation above, Siladang language is maintained by Siladang speaker in Desa Sipapaga. They keep the existence of their vernacular by using that language when they communicate. Saragih (2010) said that language maintenance is a must and should be done because both the value and the wealth of the local language should be maintained for the heritage of national culture. The death of a vernacular may cause the death of certain ethnics. The loss of culture means loss of the human asset and their unique which differentiate them with the others.

Thus, this study conducted the research about the maintenance of Siladang language that focused on the factors which contribute to the maintenance of Siladang language, the ways and the reasons of the speakers of the Siladangnese maintain their language in Desa Sipapaga.

1.2Problems of the Study

The focus of this study is the language maintenance of Siladang language. Based on this focus the problems of the research formulated as below;

1. What factors do affect the maintenance of Siladang language? 2. How do the Siladang people maintain their language?

3. Why do the Siladang people maintain their language?

1.3Objectives of the Study

A long with the problems of the study there are some overreaching objectives, they are:

1) to examine the factors affecting the Siladang language maintenance in Desa Sipapaga

2) to find out the ways in maintaining the Siladang language in Desa Sipapaga

3) to find out the reasons why the speakers of Siladang maintain their language in Desa Sipapaga

1.4Scope of the Study

This study is limited to identify the factors affecting the maintenance of Siladang language, where there were 20 Siladangnese speakers as the participants of this study. This is also related to the strategies and the reasons of Siladang people maintenance their language. This study focused on the maintenance of Siladang language in Desa Sipapaga.

1.5Significance of the Study

After conducting this study, it was hoped significantly relevant to the theoretical and practical aspects.

1) Theoretically

The finding of the study was useful for developing of the theory of language maintenance. This research finding also was useful for improving the knowledge about the vernacular language.

2) Practically

The result of the study was useful as a reference for the university students who are interested in studying language maintenance. This research finding also was useful for the next researchers who are interested in conducting any further studies in language maintenance.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusions

This study focused on the maintenance of Siladang language in Desa Sipapaga. It was aimed to gain the factors support Siladang language maintenance in Desa Sipapaga. Based on the analysis, the conclusions are stated:

1. Factors affecting Siladang maintenance in Desa Sipapaga are; Ethnolinguistic vitality, living together and see each other frequently, use of language in family domain, use of language neighborhood domain, use of language in workplace domain, use of language in religion domain, and practice of Adat Istiadat. The dominant factor is the living together and see each other frequently. It means that living in area dominated by Siladang people support the Siladang people to speak Siladang language in their surrounding in Desa Sipapaga.

2. The strategies of language maintenance which is done by the Siladang people in Desa Sipapaga are family language policy, using Siladang language in their daily life frequently, and using Siladang language in cultural activity like in wedding ceremony.

3. The reasons of the Siladang language maintain their language are they proud using Siladang language. By using Siladang language in daily communication shows their identity as Siladang people and the Siladang language is the national culture of Indonesia that should be preserved.

5.2 Suggestions

In relations the conclusions, there are several suggestions that are needed to be shared some elements;

1. It is suggested to Siladang people to use Siladang language in their daily communication. They have to use Siladang language in all domains in order their language will be preserved.

2. The parents especially should be more practice their language with their children because the children will learn the language from their parents. They acquire Siladang language and the children can practice it in their daily communication.

3. To the Siladang people, to be aware toward their own language and proud being Siladang and keep using the language in everywhere in order the Siladang language will not loss.

4. It is suggested that a policy should be made by local government by, for instance, bringing this language into the classrooms in primary schools in Desa Sipapaga.

5. The local community, non-government organization, or local government in Siladang more respecting elders’ knowledge can be especially addressed to mothers and female elders in Desa Sipapaga. When the old generations who understand their indigenous language die, a lot of knowledge of the language is also gone.

6. It is suggested to the local government to support the linguists and the Siladang people that interest toward the Siladang language in producing the

dictionary of Siladang language. By doing this way, Siladang will have the documentation of their language and it is not just oral language.

7. To the next researcher is suggested to focus on the maintenance of Siladang language that related to language use in every domain of the Siladang people.

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5.2 Suggestions

In relations the conclusions, there are several suggestions that are needed to be shared some elements;

1. It is suggested to Siladang people to use Siladang language in their daily communication. They have to use Siladang language in all domains in order their language will be preserved.

2. The parents especially should be more practice their language with their children because the children will learn the language from their parents. They acquire Siladang language and the children can practice it in their daily communication.

3. To the Siladang people, to be aware toward their own language and proud being Siladang and keep using the language in everywhere in order the Siladang language will not loss.

4. It is suggested that a policy should be made by local government by, for instance, bringing this language into the classrooms in primary schools in Desa Sipapaga.

5. The local community, non-government organization, or local government in Siladang more respecting elders’ knowledge can be especially addressed to mothers and female elders in Desa Sipapaga. When the old generations who understand their indigenous language die, a lot of knowledge of the language is also gone.

6. It is suggested to the local government to support the linguists and the Siladang people that interest toward the Siladang language in producing the

dictionary of Siladang language. By doing this way, Siladang will have the documentation of their language and it is not just oral language.

7. To the next researcher is suggested to focus on the maintenance of Siladang language that related to language use in every domain of the Siladang people.

REFERENCES

Baker, C. 2001. Foundation of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism.Clevedon:

Multilingual Matters.

, C. (2006). Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. (4th

Ed.). N. H. Hornberger (Ed.). Bilingual Education and Bilingualism.

New York: Multilingual Matters.

Batibo, H. (2005). Language Decline and Language Death in Africa: Causes,

Consequences And Challenges. New York: Multi Lingual Matters.

Batubara, A.J. (2012). The Maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing

Medan-Tembung. Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan.

Bogdan, Robert C. and Biklen, Sari Knopp. 1992. Qualitative Rresearch for

Education: An Introduction to Theory and Method. Needham Heights: Allyn and Bacon.

Bratt Paulston, Christina. (1986). Linguistic consequences of ethnicity and

nationalism in multilingual settings. In Bernard Spolsky (Ed.), Language

and education in multilingual settings (pp. 117-152). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.

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