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written material, their knowledge about reading and their expectation of meaning to make predictions about content and words Browne,
1998. In this model, every component.
d. Level of Understanding in Reading
In understanding a text, there is a different level of understanding. According to Alderson 2000, there are three levels of understanding a
text, they are: literal understanding of the text, an understanding of the meanings that are not directly stated in the text, and an understanding of
the main implications of the text. Literal understanding of the text refers to reader’s understanding of meanings that are directly stated in text. While
an understanding of the meanings that are not directly stated in text refers to inferring meaning from the text. An understanding of the main
implications of the text refers to an understanding of the text critically.
The difference level of understandings above clearly related to the product of reading Alderson, 2000. Because the product view of reading
is usually associated with the static information produced by testing techniques Page, 1972. When we are interesting to test reading ability,
we should determine which level of understanding in reading text that we are going to test.
a. Testing Reading Ability
According to Isnawati 2015 the function of a reading test is to test reading ability. She also states that there are several techniques that
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might be used to test reading skillability, namely multiple choice, completion, truefalse, short answer, summary cloze, information transfer,
identifying order of event, identifying referent, and guessing the meaning of unfamiliar words from context. Multiple choice requires test takers
provide evidence of successful reading by marking a mark against one out of a number of alternatives. Completion requires test takers to complete a
sentence with a single word, for example: ………. was a teacher that is
very responsible. True False requires test- takers to respond to a statement by choosing one of the two choices: true or false. Short Answer
requires test- takers to answer briefly, for example: What is synonym of skill? Guided Short Answer is the alternative of short answer in which test
takers are guided to have the intended answer and they have to complete sentence presented in them, for example: Complete the following based
on the fourth paragraph Based on 13 curriculum, English subject becomes …. subject in junior high school. Junior High School students
are demanded to master listening skill, … skill, reading skill, …..and writing skill. Summary Cloze is a reading passage is summarized by
tester, then the tester left gaps in the summary for completion by the test takers. Information Transfer is one way to minimize demands on writing
by test takers which requires the test takers to show successful completion of a reading task by supplying simple information in a
table, following a route on a map, labelling a picture, and so on. Identifying Order of Events, Topics or Arguments requires test takers to
give number the events etc. Identifying Referents is the ability to identify
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referents, for example: What does the word ’it’ line 15 refer to? ...........
And Guessing the Meaning of Unfamiliar Words from Contex, such as: Find a single word in the passage between lines 1 and 2 which has the
same meaning as ‘making of laws’.
B. Overview of Text Types
