information that the students need and give the models directly or by using certain media while the students respond the instructions by physical responses. In the
teaching and learning process, teachers always give very simple instructions in the classroom to be understood and responded by the students, such as:
“Knock the door” “Greet the teacher”
“Sit down on your chair” “Stand up”
“Clean the blackboard” “Open your book”
“Listen and repeat” Those instructions are called classroom instructions which are mostly used
during the lesson in order to facilitate students in learning English.
2.5 General Concept of Teaching Media
Media are tools which have function to transmit messages. The use of teaching media is now widely used in teaching and learning process in order to
give variations and create good atmosphere in classroom activities Bovee, 1997. Locatis and Atkinson 1984: 3 define media as the means usually
audiovisual or electronic for transmitting or delivering message. Media include such as print, graphics, photography, audio communications, television,
simulations, and games and computers. Another definition of media is given by Gerlach and Ely 1980: 241.
According to them, media is any persons, materials, or events that establish 21
conditions, which enable learners to acquire knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Thus, media are any instructional aides that are used as communication media in
the purpose of increasing the effectiveness of teaching and learning process. Heinich and Molenda 2005 give six kinds of teaching media. They are:
a. Text
Text is the primary element for transmitting information which has many kinds of form. It tries to attach the readers for getting information.
b. Audio
This media helps to give massages impressively. It also supports more interesting facts about given massages. The examples of this media are
background sound, music, audio tape, audio disc, radio and other recordings. c.
Visual aids This media can give visual stimuli such as pictures, diagrams, graphics,
cartoons, and posters. d.
Audio motion visuals. Including this aids is film, video cassettes CD, VCD, or DVD, and
television programs. e.
Miniature These aids are usually in the form of three dimensions which can be seen
and touched by students directly. This media are made to overcome the limitations of real objects so the learning and teaching process can run well.
f. Human resources people
Included in these media are teachers, students, and professionals in certain fields of study.
Anderson as quoted by Rumampuk 1988: 23 also gives classifications of media. They are stated as follows:
a. Audio sound only such as audio tape, audio disc, radio etc.
b. Printed material such as programmed texts, job aids, and guidance books.
c. Audio Print combination of audio and printed materials such as audio
tape or disc, film, and diagrams. d.
Projected still visual such as slide, film strips that is supported by verbal recording.
e. Audio projected still visual such as film strips with sounds, and slides with
sounds. f.
Motion-visual such as some films without voice. g.
Audio motion visual such as motion pictures, motion film, and video. h.
Physical objects such as actual objects, mocks-up or models of real things. i.
Human and situational resources such as the teachers, and the school environment
j. Computers such as CAI-CMI Computer Assisted Instruction, Computers
and various terminal display equipments. Murcia 2001:461 also assists that media help teachers to motivate
students by bringing real life into classroom and presenting language in its more complete communicative context. Media can also inform and help students to
process information and free the teacher from excessive explanation, they can provide contextualization and a solid point of departure for classroom activities.
Selecting the most appropriate media becomes a crucial issue in the teaching and learning process. Basically the teacher can use all kinds of teaching
media but they must pay attention to their significance and effectiveness for teaching and learning process. Furthermore, the most important thing to be
considered is any kinds of visual aids teachers use should make the students feel comfortable and they can facilitate students to easily understand the lesson.
2.6 General Concept of Animation
