56
Figure 4.12. Plain [m] followed by a vowel.
4.4.5 Examples of palatalized h and Ð in Isthmus Mixe
Several clear examples of both palatalized h and palatalized Ð occur in Text A and other data, usually
word initial with the third person morpheme as the cause of palatalization. Thus, the morphemes that are palatalized in these examples also occur without word-initial palatalization. Both plain [h] and palatalized
[h
j
] are adjacent to the same vowel a in figure 4.13, [ha
ÿh
j
Úÿ] from ha~
j
-h‚jm‚ »t ‘his companions,’
Appendix line 29 showing the contrast in the transition from plain [h] to [a ÿ] and the transitional palatal
glide that precedes [h
j
]. The phonetic juncture formants, listed in 1 and 2, show the typical palatalization pattern of a wider spread between F1 and F2 than between the F1 and F2 of the plain
consonant. F2 and F3 are notably higher in the palatalized transitions than in plain transitions. Both the waveform and the spectrogram show more frication in the palatalized [h
j
] than the slight frication of plain [h].
1 Phonetic juncture of [ha ÿ]: F1 481.3 F2 1627.4 F3 2796.4 F4 3621.5
2 Phonetic juncture of [a ÿh
j
]: F1 320.9 F2 2166.0 F3 2956.8 F4 3564.2
57
Figure 4.13. [hah
j
] showing both plain and palatalized h. In figure 4.14, the word initial palatalized glottal stop [
Ð
j
Úÿ] from
j
-‚ta π»k-
j
‘he went down’ is the onset of a short unstressed syllable, a typical example. Even with the short duration of the vowel, the effects of
the palatalized glottal stop can be seen comparing the waveform and the spectrogram, with irregular glottal pulses throughout the vowel and the raised second formant adjacent to the glottal stop.
Figure 4.14. Palatalized glottal stop [ Ð
j
Úÿ]. The context of figure 4.15 is shown in section 2.3.3, figure 2.5. Here, only the initial syllable of the
word is shown, the onset of which is the syllable [Ð
j
i ÿ] from the morphemes
j
-Ði¾ ‘third person’ and ‘to see’, receiving tertiary stress. The phonetic juncture formants of
[Ð
j
i ÿ] in 3 may be compared with the steady-
58 state formants of [i
ÿ] in4, showing the F2 value of [Ð
j
i ÿ] more than 200 Hz at the phonetic juncture than
at steady-state of [i ÿ], F3 more than 300 Hz greater, and F4 more than 200 Hz greater.
3 Phonetic juncture of [Ð
j
i ÿ]: F1 286.5 F2 2292.1 F3 3071.4 F4 3736.1
4 Steady-state of [i ÿ]:
F1 298.0 F2 2085.8 F3 2762.0 F4 3506.9 The raised F2 and F3 transitions from the palatalized consonant to the vowel are consistent with the effects
of palatalization throughout the language.
Figure 4.15. Palatalized glottal stop [ Ð
j
i ÿ].
One of the supporting evidences of secondary palatalization as an autosegmental feature instead of other suggested interpretations is based on the phonetic data showing the same type of vowel transition
phenomena following the palatalized glottal stop as follows other palatalized consonants. This is discussed further in sections 4.7 and 5.5.1.
4.4.6 Secondary palatalization of verb-final consonant clusters
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