A list of likely sources of information and expertise on evidence to support policy- However, evidence is not something that is only generated by external research. In addition, it is important to consider implementation of policy from the outset.

5.4 A list of likely sources of information and expertise on evidence to support policy-

making is at Annex C. The list covers internal Government sources, government- funded independent bodies and non-Governmental organisations. In addition to this general list, in each policy area there is likely to be a range of organisations with a particular interest in the policy field, some of which may commission or have access to information of particular importance or relevance. Evidence from the front line

5.5 However, evidence is not something that is only generated by external research.

In any policy area there is a great deal of important evidence held by both front- line managers and staff in departments, agencies, Boards, schools, hospitals, etc, and the citizen, customer or consumer to whom the policy is directed. Very often these groups will have a clearer idea than the policy makers about what the problems are, why the situation is as it is and why previous initiatives did or did not work. They are also well placed to advise on how a new policy can be put into practice on the ground and what pitfalls need to be avoided. Gathering that evidence through interviews, surveys or focus groups can provide a very valuable input to the policy making process and can often be done much more quickly than more conventional research. It may well also help to avoid expensive mistakes later.

5.6 In addition, it is important to consider implementation of policy from the outset.

It is often easier to implement change when those directly affected understand the reason for it and have some sense of engagement or ownership over the nature of the change or the way it is to be introduced. This provides another set of reasons for considering engaging with the staff and customers involved in the area affected by the policy initiative. 23 5 What have experiences of other countries and regions been?

5.7 It is helpful to use international comparisons as part of the wider evidence base.