digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id
earthquake started Past Perfect
The action happened before something in the past
Norton
had eaten
breakfast when he left work
Past Perfect Continuous The action was happening
over time before something in the past
The kitchen
smelled wonderful
because
Norton had been cooking dinner
Simple Present -habitual
activities or
repeated now -fact that always true
Wood floats in water
Present Continuous The action is happening right
now You are reading this
sentence Present Perfect
The action starts in the past and has continued until now
Ralph is a bus driver. He has worked
as a bus driver for 10 years
Present Perfect Continuous The action starts in the past
and has continued until now Ralph is a bus driver. He
has been working
as a bus driver for 10 years
Simple future The action will happen in the
future Ralph and Norton will
play cards
tomorrow night
Future Continuous The action will happen over
time in the future I’ll start to study at 7:00,
so I’ll be studying when you arrive at 7:10.
Future Perfect This action will happen
before something in the future
Martha will
have finished
her homework when she comes to class
tomorrow Future Perfect Continuous
This action will happen over time before something in the
future When I retire, I will have
been teaching for over
forty years
2.4. Clauses
Besides adopting the type of tenses, the writer includes the clauses for supporting the data analysis. Refers to Clinger 2001: 59, there stated that clause
was known as a group of related words which contained of subject and predicate. Relating with the present study, it focuses on two main types of clause. They are
independent clause and dependent clause. Clinger 2001: 59-60 defined those two categories as this following explanation:
digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id
a. Independent clause main clause
This clause has a subject and predicate. It expresses a complete thought and capably stand alone as a sentence. Meanwhile, this clause
is possible followed by a clause which can not stand alone dependent clause. If there are two or more independent clauses, they can be
joined by using coordinating conjunctions and, but, for, nor, so, and yet or by using semicolons ; . For example: Erica brushed her long
black hair. That is an independent clause which being a simple sentence. While here is the example for two independent clauses:
Fernando left the house, and Erica brushed her black hair. b.
Dependent clause subordinate clause Contrary with independent clause, this clause can not stand
alone as a sentence though it has a subject and predicate. It must depend on another main clause to be a sentence. For relating this
clause with others, it needs subordinating conjunctions although, because, if, unless, when, etc and also can be preceded by relative
pronouns who, whom, that, which, what, whose. In addition, this clause works as adjectives, nouns, and adverbs in the sentence. For
instance: Last night party was my excited moment because it presented many surprises from my friends.
2.5. Through the Looking-Glass
Through the Looking-glass and What Alice Found There is the sequel novel from Alice in Wonderland 1865 which released on 1872 by Lewis Carroll.
digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id
Because the present study focuses on the writing style, thus the acquirement of the data are good enough only from the text inside. Also in each chapter, Carroll
presented his writing by put some punctuations which makes the reader conclude that it is his characteristic on writing. Not only punctuation, but he also put
capitalisation and italicisation in different way. Hence, this play of writing is an attractive and unique topic to be explored deeply in the present study.
2.6. Previous Study
