TENOR CONFIGURATION BY INDONESIAN OFFICIAL SPEECH RESPONSES TO LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER (LGBT).

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TENOR CONFIGURATION BY INDONESIAN OFFICIAL

SPEECH RESPONSES TO LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL

AND TRANSGENDER (LGBT)

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

By:

NINA MEISAHRINA

Reg Number: 2122220017

ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2016

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i ABSTRACT

Meisahrina, Nina. 2122220017. Tenor Configuration by Indonesian Official Speech Responses to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT). A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan. 2016. This study is aimed to figuring out how tenor configuration can be seen in the speech responses to LGBT by using the four types of tenor and it is to finding out the things that influence in the social relationship between participants involved in the communication and also to see how the way the social relationship is played by addressee and addresser in the public sectors. Tenor Configuration by Indonesian Official Speech Responses to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender using the theory of Saragih. The use of tenor configuration is purposed to make the readers understand the text easily and persuade the readers to do something as the texts mean. The writer focuses on the analysis of types of tenor in twenty one of speech responses about the LGBT, and finally, found the most dominant configuration that appear in the speech responses about LGBT. The data of speech responses to LGBT taken from youtube and it takes from different twenty one of speech by Indonesian official in different place and situation. The writer found that from the four types of tenor in the speech responses to LGBT mostly use in number seven configuration. This research used descriptive quantitative method in which the writer analyzing the data by describing the four types of tenor that realized in the speech responses to LGBT. Keywords: Tenor Configuration, LGBT, Discourse analysis

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, the writer would like to thanks Allah SWT and the Prophet Muhammad SAW for the blessings during her academic year at English and Literature Department Faculty of Languages and Arts (FBS) State University of Medan in completing the thesis. This thesis is purposed to fulfil one of the requirements to obtain the S-1 degree of Sarjana Sastra. In fulfilling this thesis, the writer has received a lot of help from many people. Thus the writer would like to express her gratitude to:

1. Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of Medan.

2. Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean Faculty of Languages and Arts. 3. Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature

Department.

4. Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English and Literature Department. 5. Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English and Literature

Program.

6. Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A.,Ph.D., her First Academic Advisor, Inspirational Passion in teaching, consultant, who had already motivated her to finish the thesis by giving advices, supervising, giving comments and corrections during completing this thesis and also for Dr. Rahmah, M.Hum., her Consultant and Second Academic Advisor for giving advices and supervising during her academic year.

7. Drs. Muhammad Natsir, M.Hum., her Examiner, for the suggestion and correction.

8. Citra Anggia Putri, S.S., M.Hum., her Examiner, for the suggestion and correction.

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iii

9. All of the Lecturers of English Department, for their valuable lessons, knowledge, advices, and guidance during her academic years in English Department.

10.Eis Sri Wahyuni, M.Pd., the Administration staff of English Department, who helped her to fulfill this thesis.

11.Her parents, Elvi Juniar and Mulyono who have given her a lot of attention, caring, and support financial.

12.Her sweetheart Unnamed who gave her a lot of support, attention, kindness, motivation, suggestion and thanks for his time.

13.Her beloved friends Syulika Daulay, Diah Mutiara Isnaeni, Ika Nurita Kinanti, for the four years and still counting friendship and the support in the very sad and happy situations.

14.Her beloved friends Faridah Hannum Siagian, Nurjana, Dara Yulliyanti, for their laugh, love, and support.

15.Her beloved companions in English Literature A and B 2012, for all beautiful moments they shared together during the academic years in the English Department.

Lastly, the writer realizes that this thesis is not perfect and still needs some improvement. Hence, the writer would like to have the readers’ implicative suggestions for making this thesis more dependable afterward.

Medan, August 2016 The writer,

Nina meisahrina Reg. No. 2122220017

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Pages

ABSTRACT ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

LIST OF TABLES ... vi

LIST OF APPENDICIES ... vii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

A.The Background of the Study ... 1

B. The Problem of the Study ... 6

C. The Objectives of the Study ... 7

D.The Scope of the Study... 7

E. The Significance of the Study ... 7

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 8

A.Theoretical Framework ... 8

B. Context ... 8

1. Linguitic Context... 9

2. Social Context ... 10

a. Ideology ... 13

b. Context of Culture ... 13

c. Context of Situation ... 14

1) Field ... 15

2) Mode ... 16

3) Tenor ... 18

a) Status ... 20

b) Contact ... 21

c) Affect ... 21

d) Formality ... 22

C. Speech ... 23

1. An Informative Speech ... 23

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3. A Special Occasion Speech ... 23

D.LGBT ... 24

1. Lesbian ... 25

2. Gay ... 25

3. Bisexual ... 25

4. Transgender ... 26

E. Relevant Studies ... 26

F. Conceptual Framework ... 28

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 30

A.Research Design ... 30

B. Source of data ... 30

C. Technique of Collecting Data ... 32

D.Technique of Analyzing Data ... 33

CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDING ... 35

A.Data ... 35

B. Data Analysis ... 36

C. Research Findings ... 48

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 49

A.Conclusion ... 49

B. Suggestion ... 50

REFERENCES ... 51

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LIST OF TABLES

Pages Table 4.1 Configuration and speech responses ... 38 Table 4.2 Proposition of Tenor ... 48

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vii

LIST OF APPENDICIES

Pages APPENDIX 1. The analysis in twenty one speech

responses by Indonesian official to LGBT ... 53 APPENDIX 2. The Script in twenty one speech

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. The Background of the Study

The population of Indonesia is mostly Muslim religions. In general the teaching of religions is interpreted conservatively so it doesn't disagree on homosexuality and affect the views of society as a whole in a way that is negative, although there are a number of religious individuals are more progressive and being received. But the case of LGBT in indonesia is increasingly lively and popular not only among the usual but in some Indonesian artist is also involved as LGBT in the case of artist as homosexual abusers such as Syaiful jamil. Many of the responses that come out from people regarding this case. All languages spoken between the speaker and the listener contains many meanings.

Language is the most important component in the continuation of human life. Language itself defines as the roles which people may take the situation in which they are communicating with one another. Language is the inventory of human experience of life.

What people do with language can be realized in any kind of forms like speech, discussion, interview, even in the literary work like poems, novels, short stories and others. People use language, in any kind of forms, in order to achieve a purpose. In other word, they have goals that they want to achieve by using language. It means that people use language not just to kill time or to show their linguistic ability. It shows what systemic linguists say that language use is purposeful behavior (Eggins, 2004: 4).

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Halliday (2004: 8) stated that a „language‟ is a resource for making meaning

a semogenic system, together with the processes which instatiate the system in the form of text (spoken and written discourse); and „meaning‟ is understood in functional terms-in relation to the social contexts in which language has evolved with the human species.

Use the language to make sense of the experience, and to carry out the interactions with other people. This means that the grammar has to interface with what goes on outside language: with the happenings and conditions of the world, and with the social processes can engage in. But at the same time it has to organize the construal of experience, and the enactment of social processes, so that it can be transformed into wording (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014: 25).

Language have many factors such to whom people are talking, to give the information to the others, to discussion and speech etc. The factors that are mentioned turn out to be the cause of language variety. The variation of language or dialect is related to the users or speakers of language. On the other hand, variety of language or register is related to the use of language.

Register analysis is concerned with the three controlling variables: field, tenor, and mode. In considering these three variables, Halliday is making a claim that of all the things going on in a situation at a time of language use only these three variables have a direct and significant impact on the type of language that will be produced. Field concerns with the topic of situation or in another word what is going on or what activity is taking place. Mode refers to the channel or medium of communication; in other words, the choice between speech and

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writing. Meanwhile, tenor deals with things that influence the situation indicates the relationship between the speaker and the addressee. How the social relationship is played by addressee and addresser.

According to Halliday the environment, or social context of language is structured as a field of significant social action, a tenor of role relationships and a mode of symbolic organization. Taken together these constitute the situation, or

“context of situation”. of a text (Halliday, 2000: 55).

Halliday and Matthiessen (2014: 32) stated that the combinations of field, tenor and mode values determine different uses of language – the different meanings that are at risk in a given type of situation. There are systematic correspondences between the contextual values and the meanings that are at risk in the contexts defined by these values.

This study attempts to apply one of the three types of register system of analysis, it is tenor. In this analysis, tenor will be discussed through in Indonesian official speech responses to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT).

The writer chooses the tenor in speech responses to LGBT in order to find out the things that influence in the social relationship between participants involved in the communication and also to see how the way the social relationship is played by addressee and addresser in the public sectors. In a public speaking, sometime a person has the opportunity to deliver uninterrupted message or no to a few individuals or a few million individuals. So that tenor most important as supporting this study. Beside that the ability to communicate effectively also is essential both to individuals and society in the

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communication. For this situation the value of effective and ineffective communication extends into the political arena. Such as in the conflict of the LGBT in nowadays.

So that the writer would like to discuss more detail about this conflict in the tenor of text about responses to LGBT. A text here is a process, product, spoken, written or signal it is resulted from interaction. This is to confirm two things. Firstly, there is no text without conflict or interaction between the addresser and addressee. Thus there is no texts are dialogic aspects between the addresser and addressee. In other words, this confirm that all texts are dialogic. Secondly, there is no text without participants. This implies that the tenor of text is deterministic to the text.

The cases of the LGBT are give any attention to all of society in the world and moreover this cases also become trending topic issue in the world. About this issue the writer here very interested to analyze and consider that tenor are important to be analyzed in each Indonesian official speech responses about the LGBT. Here the writer will put the twenty one speech responses about the LGBT that is from; Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Islam (MUI)), The

Ministry of Social Affairs, The Ministry of Women‟s Empowerment, The

Ministry of Religious Affairs, The MUI Commission, The Public Counsel LBH Jakarta, The former Minister of religious affairs in the seventh development Cabinet, The Head of the Muslim Fraternity Ties, The Governor Of Jakarta, The Former Head of Nadhlatul Ulama and A prominent Islamic Indonesia, The Minister of higher education and technology research, Vise President, The

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Commissioner KPAI, The Head of The Board of Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia, Psychiatrist Jakarta, Journalist Rappler Indonesia, Deputy Head of Committee III parliament, The Communication Expert, The Hade Vice of The Indonesia Broadcasting Commission, The Cross-Religious Figure, and The Islamic Network Anti Discrimination. The script sample from The commision Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Islam (MUI))- Hh speech responses can be seen as following:

“Jelas kalau menurut MUI yang seperti itu, ya pemerintah harus cepat turun tangan. Untuk melarangnya, bila perlu dibuatkan Undang-undang untuk melarang hal seperti ini. Apalagi kalau perkawinan sejenis jangan sampai pemerintah membolehkan perkawinan sejenis. Pandangannya kan itu singkatan dari Lesbian, gay, bisexual dan transgender. Ya kalau khusus lesbian, saya sudah katakan itu kalau dalam hadits dikatakan “sihakulmaratizinanbainahuna” perempuan melakukan hubungan antara sama-sama perempuanlah gitu yaitu lesbi nah itu dianggap sebagai perbuatan zina. Sesama mereka itu haram hukumnya. begitu juga kalau laki-laki malah keras. Operasi ganti kelamin itu haram hukumnya tidak boleh mengganti. Kalau dia tetap melaksanakan dia suda berdosa dan hukumnya tetap sesuai dengan hukum yang sebelum dia operasi. Kecuali dalam hal, misalnya memang dia itu tidak sempurna kejadiannya, tidak sempurna , tidak laki-laki tidak perempuan gitu”.

From the sample script above will be seen the aspect of tenor:

Status : Unequal Formality : Formal

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Affect : Positive Context : Infrequent

The configuration of tenor found in HH speech responses number (02) is [Formal/Unequal/Infrequent/+Affect]with the following descriptions

a) The formality is formal where the managerial meeting the situation is formal.

b) The status employed is unequal status because she use personal pronoun

of “saya”. Saya here is refers that there is the different degree between her and other people.

c) The contact constructed in the speech responses here is infrequent it means

that in those statement use basic word. Such as “Apalagi kalau, seperti, tidak, dalam hal”.

d) The affective involvement here is positive affect because she said that

“Operasi ganti kelamin itu haram hukumnya tidak boleh mengganti” from the bold words that it is refers to engagement to humanity to didn‟t

contravene with that.

B. The Problem of the Study

From the background of the study, the writer formulates the problem as follows:

1) What kinds of tenor configuration are there in the texts of LGBT? 2) How is the system of tenor realized linguistically ?

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C. The Objective of the Study The objectives of the study are :

1) To describe the configuration of tenor in the text of LGBT. 2) To describe linguistic realization of tenor.

3) To reason for the linguistic realized.

D. The Scope of the Study

The study will be focused on the analyzing the tenor configuration in Indonesian official speech responses to LGBT.

E. The Significance of the Study

This research will be divided into two benefits:

1) Theoretically, to student especially in english literature to understand the way of tenor configuration analysis in this thesis.

2) Practically, to public speaker and all of the readers who want to know more about tenor configuration in Indonesian official speech to LGBT.

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50 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following

1. There are eight kinds of tenor configuration in the text of LGBT, they are:

(a). [Formal/Equal/Frequent/Frequent/+Affect], (b). [Formal/Equal/Frequent/-Affect], (c). [Formal/Equal/Infrequent/+Affect], (d). [Formal/Equal/Infrequent/-Affect], (e). [Formal/Unequal/Frequent/-Affect], (f). [Formal/Unequal/Infrequent/+Affect], (g). [Formal/Unequal/Infrequent/-Affect], (h). [Informal/Equal/Frequent/+Affect]

2. The system of tenor are realized by four elements such as:

a. The formality can be seen from the context or situation that influence in the text, such as formal and informal.

b. The status are divided into two kinds they are equal and unequal. The equal status can be seen from the language use such as in the personal pronoun of “kita, kamu”, and unequalstatus such as “saya, anda”

c. The contact is divided into two parts frequent and infrequent. The frequent contact can be seen through language style in the text while infrequent can be seen from its formal foreign language.

d. The affection is divided into two sides that are positive and negative. The positive refers to someone feeling while negative is not .

3. The Tenor configuration mostly used is [Formal/Unequal/Infrequent/+Affect] because the official speaker mostly use the formal language.

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B. Suggestion

In the relation to the conclusion suggestions are staged as the following:

1. It is suggested that the students of English Department should learn and know how to realize a text into tenor configuration.

2. It is advised that other researchers who want to analyze the Tenor configuration in a discourse, should understand the field of the context and also the meaning from four types of tenor.

3. For those who want to analyze about this subject should understand about Systemic Functional Language (SFL).

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REFERENCES

Afandi, Serius. 2016. The Representation of Power in Joko Widodo’s Speech. Medan: UNIMED Community.

Ary, D, Jacobs, L.C, Razavich, A. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education. Newyork : Belmont, CA Wadsworth.

Biber, D. & Conrad, S. 2009. Register-Genre-and-Style. New York : Cambridge University Press.

Eggins, S. 2004. An Introdution to Systemic Functional Linguistics Second Edition. New York: Continuum.

Halliday, M.A.K. 2004. The Language of Science. New York : Jonathan J. Webster.

Halliday, M.A.K. 2007. Language and Society. China : Jonathan J. Webster. Halliday, M.A.K. & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. 2014. Hallidays Introduction to

Functional Grammar Fourth Edition. New York: Routledge.

Hu, S. 2010. Context of Situation in Translation. An Article. China : Academy Publisher Finlandia

Kelly, G.F. 2003. Sexuality Today: The Human Perspective. Boston: McGraw. Hill.

Lichao, Song. 2010. The Role of Context in Discourse Analysis. China: Qingdao University of Science and Technology.

Martin, J.R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Meiristiani, N. 2011. ‘Understanding Tenor in Spoken Texts in Year XII English

Textbook to Improve The Appropriacy of The Text, vol. I no. 1 (August 2011) 39.

O’Hair, D., Rubenstein, H. & S, Rob. 2010. A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking

Getting Started Third Edition. New York: Bedford / St. Martin’s.

Patick, Ina Ray. 2014. Tenor in Jokowi and Ahoks Conversations. Medan: UNIMED Community.

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Saragih, Amrin. 2014. Discourse Analysis: A Study on Discourse Based on Systemic Functional Linguistic Theory. Medan: State University of Medan. Saragih, Amrin. 2014. Variation and Functional Varieties of Language. Medan:

State University of Medan.

Sugianto, A. 2013. An Analysis of Tenor on Some World’s Influencing Women Speeches. Medan: North Sumatera University.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey080htMggA. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eio_oDf9A0Q. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6ZGZiBIGf4. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HyL_FHZ2eQ. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EEnUWF8BLU. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFBqFuNXlIo. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQAFWUcLWdw. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGLs6aDGQYA. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFEq12HgzEE. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBUhrIBdl6g. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgQhaF0oY9Q. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmwf6x_9W4g. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDkKuwFuPL4. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_mDYj_6Ep. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffQj1uLKBOs. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016.

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Affect : Positive Context : Infrequent

The configuration of tenor found in HH speech responses number (02) is [Formal/Unequal/Infrequent/+Affect] with the following descriptions

a) The formality is formal where the managerial meeting the situation is formal.

b) The status employed is unequal status because she use personal pronoun of “saya”. Saya here is refers that there is the different degree between her and other people.

c) The contact constructed in the speech responses here is infrequent it means that in those statement use basic word. Such as “Apalagi kalau, seperti, tidak, dalam hal”.

d) The affective involvement here is positive affect because she said that “Operasi ganti kelamin itu haram hukumnya tidak boleh mengganti” from the bold words that it is refers to engagement to humanity to didn‟t contravene with that.

B. The Problem of the Study

From the background of the study, the writer formulates the problem as follows:

1) What kinds of tenor configuration are there in the texts of LGBT? 2) How is the system of tenor realized linguistically ?

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C. The Objective of the Study The objectives of the study are :

1) To describe the configuration of tenor in the text of LGBT. 2) To describe linguistic realization of tenor.

3) To reason for the linguistic realized.

D. The Scope of the Study

The study will be focused on the analyzing the tenor configuration in Indonesian official speech responses to LGBT.

E. The Significance of the Study

This research will be divided into two benefits:

1) Theoretically, to student especially in english literature to understand the way of tenor configuration analysis in this thesis.

2) Practically, to public speaker and all of the readers who want to know more about tenor configuration in Indonesian official speech to LGBT.

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CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following

1. There are eight kinds of tenor configuration in the text of LGBT, they are:

2. The system of tenor are realized by four elements such as:

a. The formality can be seen from the context or situation that influence in the text, such as formal and informal.

b. The status are divided into two kinds they are equal and unequal. The equal status can be seen from the language use such as in the personal pronoun of “kita, kamu”, and unequal status such as “saya, anda”

c. The contact is divided into two parts frequent and infrequent. The frequent contact can be seen through language style in the text while infrequent can be seen from its formal foreign language.

d. The affection is divided into two sides that are positive and negative. The positive refers to someone feeling while negative is not .

3. The Tenor configuration mostly used is [Formal/Unequal/Infrequent/+Affect] because the official speaker mostly use the formal language.

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B. Suggestion

In the relation to the conclusion suggestions are staged as the following:

1. It is suggested that the students of English Department should learn and know how to realize a text into tenor configuration.

2. It is advised that other researchers who want to analyze the Tenor configuration in a discourse, should understand the field of the context and also the meaning from four types of tenor.

3. For those who want to analyze about this subject should understand about Systemic Functional Language (SFL).

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REFERENCES

Afandi, Serius. 2016. The Representation of Power in Joko Widodo’s Speech. Medan: UNIMED Community.

Ary, D, Jacobs, L.C, Razavich, A. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education. Newyork : Belmont, CA Wadsworth.

Biber, D. & Conrad, S. 2009. Register-Genre-and-Style. New York : Cambridge University Press.

Eggins, S. 2004. An Introdution to Systemic Functional Linguistics Second Edition. New York: Continuum.

Halliday, M.A.K. 2004. The Language of Science. New York : Jonathan J. Webster.

Halliday, M.A.K. 2007. Language and Society. China : Jonathan J. Webster. Halliday, M.A.K. & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. 2014. Hallidays Introduction to

Functional Grammar Fourth Edition. New York: Routledge.

Hu, S. 2010. Context of Situation in Translation. An Article. China : Academy Publisher Finlandia

Kelly, G.F. 2003. Sexuality Today: The Human Perspective. Boston: McGraw. Hill.

Lichao, Song. 2010. The Role of Context in Discourse Analysis. China: Qingdao University of Science and Technology.

Martin, J.R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Meiristiani, N. 2011. ‘Understanding Tenor in Spoken Texts in Year XII English Textbook to Improve The Appropriacy of The Text, vol. I no. 1 (August 2011) 39.

O’Hair, D., Rubenstein, H. & S, Rob. 2010. A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking Getting Started Third Edition. New York: Bedford / St. Martin’s.

Patick, Ina Ray. 2014. Tenor in Jokowi and Ahoks Conversations. Medan: UNIMED Community.

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Saragih, Amrin. 2014. Discourse Analysis: A Study on Discourse Based on Systemic Functional Linguistic Theory. Medan: State University of Medan. Saragih, Amrin. 2014. Variation and Functional Varieties of Language. Medan:

State University of Medan.

Sugianto, A. 2013. An Analysis of Tenor on Some World’s Influencing Women Speeches. Medan: North Sumatera University.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFBqFuNXlIo. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQAFWUcLWdw. Accessed on Juli, 21st 2016.

TENOR CONFIGURATION BY INDONESIAN OFFICIAL SPEECH RESPONSES TO LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER (LGBT).