success or failure of the proposition, what is “held responsible” Halliday 1995: 76.
Eggins and slade 1994:75 state that subject is the pivotal participant in the clause, the person or thing that the proposition is
concerned with and without whose presence there could be no argument or negotiation.
Gerot and Wignell 1994: 28 explain that “the subject is that upon
which the speaker rests his case in exchanges of information, and the one responsible for insuring that the prescribed action is or is not carried out in
exchange of goods and services”.
Example:
She
is a student
Subject
Finite Residue
Mood
2.6.2. Predicator
Predicator encodes the action or process involved in the clause. It gives content to verbal element of the proposition, telling listeners what is
or was happening. Gerot and Wignell 1994: 31 explain that the predicator is the verb
part of the clause; the bit which tells what’s doing, happening or being. There are also non-
finite „to’+ verb and verb + „ing’ clauses containing a Predicator but no Finite element.
Examples: She
reads a novel
Subject Finite Predicator Complement
Mood Residue
So as
to give
Henry more room
Predicator
Complement Complement Residue
Giving
Henry more room
Predicator Complement
Complement Residue
2.6.3. Complement
Complement is a participant which is somehow implicated in the pro
position. The complement answers the questions „ishad what‟, „to whom‟, „did to what‟.
Example: Clearly
the man was
innocent
Subject Finite
Complement
Mood Residue
2.6.4. Adjunct
An Adjunct is an element that has not got the potential of being Subject; that is, it cannot be elevated to the interpersonal status of modal
responsibility. This means that arguments cannot be constructed around those elements that serve as Adjuncts; in experiential terms, they cannot be
constructed around circumstances, but they can be constructed around participants, either actually, as Subject, or potentially, as Complement. An
Adjunct is typically realized by an adverbial group or a prepositional phrase rather than by a nominal group.
There are three main types of adjuncts; circumstantial, interpersonal and textual.
a Circumstantial adjuncts
These are adverbs or prepositional phrases which express meanings about when, where, how, why, or with the proposition occurred.
Example:
Henry reads
a book in the library
Subject Fin. Pred.
Complement Circ. Adjunct
Mood Residue
In the library
is adjunct, answering the question „where’.
b Conjunctive adjuncts
Conjunctive Adjuncts include items, such as: „for instance’, „anyway’, „moreover’, „meanwhile’, „therefore’, „nevertheless’.
Conjunctive Adjuncts sometimes called „discourse markers’ have the function of signaling how the clause as a whole fits in with the
preceding text. The meanings that they express are textual meanings.
Example:
Meanwhile,
written language is
more complex Conjunctive adjunct Subject
Fin. Pred. complement Mood
Residue
c Comment adjuncts
Comment Adjuncts express the speaker’s comment on what he or she is saying. Comment Adjuncts include such items as „frankly’,
„apparently’, „hopefully’, „broadly speaking’, „understandably’, „to my surprise’. They express interpersonal rather than textual meanings, but fall
outside of Mood-Residue structure.
Example:
Unfortunately however
they were too late Comment adjunct Conjunctive Adjunct
Subj. Fin. Complement
Mood Residue
d Mood Adjuncts
Mood adjuncts relate specifically to the meaning of the finite verbal operators, expressing probability, usuality, obligation, inclination or
time. Example:
Surely
he wasn’t
being serious
Mood Adjunct Subj. Fin.
Pred. Complement
Mood Residue
Clearly the man
was innocent
Mood Adjunct Subject
Finite Complement
Mood Residue
Here
„clearly’ is a mood adjunct, indicating speaker certainty.
Table 2.3 List of Mood Adjunct Types Type
Meaning Example
Polarity Not, yes, no
Probability “How likely?”
Probably, possibly, certainly, perhaps, maybe
Usuality “How often?”
Usually, sometimes, always, never, ever, seldom, rarely
Readiness “I want to”
Willingly, readily, gladly, certainly, easily Obligation
“You must” Definitely, absolutely, possibly, at all cost,
by all means Time
Yet, still, already, once, soon, just Typicality
“How typical?” Occasionally, generally, regularly, mainly Obviousness
“How obvious?” Of course, surely, obviously, clearly Intensity
Just, simply, merely, only, even, actually, really
Degree Quiet, almost, nearly, scarcely, hardly,
absolutely, totally, utterly, entirely, completely
Halliday 1994:49
2.7. Mood Types
Gerot and Wignell 1994: 38 state that “mood in English is realized by the position in the clause of the subject and finite”. Mood is
divided into two types; there are indicative mood and imperative mood. Indicative mood can also be subdivided into two kinds, there are
declarative mood and interrogative mood, and interrogative mood is also
