simple declarative sentences of the Nonstandard Negro English or Black English dialect in the novel the Color Purple and the patterns of the simple declarative
sentences of the Nonstandard Negro English or Black English dialect in that novel. He analyzes how the Nonstandard Negro English NNE or Black English
BE dialect differs in its syntactic variation compared with Standard American English SAE. It has many kinds of syntactic variation. It does not employ verb
tenses at all or it does not use the verb tenses correctly. Another undergraduate thesis which is used as the related study is English
Negation as a Dialect Feature in Tom Sawyer’s Speech in Mark Twain’s the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn done by Ignatius Bagus Widyatmoko. His thesis
focuses on a description of nonstandard English, the dialect of English, which is used by Tom Sawyer. In his analysis, he finds out some specific features of Tom Sawyer’s
dialect. He also seeks Tom Sawyer’s reasons to choose certain dialect among the others and what the effect is toward Tom Sawyer himself and the listeners. Here,
Tom Sawyer is a person who speaks in some different dialect. Language choice is the biggest matter in this thesis.
All of these related studies above discuss about the variety of English. This thesis is different from those studies in that it analyzes the contrast between Black
English structure and Standard English structure in order to know what effects that might be caused by those features toward the understanding of the story.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory on Standard English
In his Sociolinguistics: an Introduction 1983, Peter Trudgill defines Standard English is “that variety of English which is usually used in print, and which
is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language. It is also known as the variety which is normally spoken by educated people and used in
news broadcasts and other similar situation” Trudgill, 1983: 17. While according to Peter Strevens, Standard English is “a particular dialect of
English, being the only non-localized dialect, of global currency without significant variation, universally accepted as appropriate educational target in teaching English;
which may be spoken with an unrestricted choice of accent” Strevens, 1982: 2.
2. Dialect
Wardhaugh defines dialect as “a subordinate variety of language” associated with a social group, class social dialect or place regional dialect, sometimes with
different syntactic forms or vocabulary. Vernacular is “a form of speech transmitted from parent to child as a primary medium of communication” Wardhaugh,1986: 37.
According to Fromkin and Rodman, dialect is described as When the English spoken by speakers in different geographical regions and
from different social groups shows systematic differences, the groups are said to speak different dialects of the same language. The dialects of a single
language may thus be defined as mutually intelligible forms of that language which differ in systematic ways from each other 1983: 245.
3. Theory on Grammar and Structure
According to Finch 2000: 20, grammar is a set of internal rules which guide speakers of a language to produce well-formed constructions. Here, the writer gives
explanations of some rules that are appropriate to analyze the problem formulations. They are:
a. Verbs
Verbs are divided into two main groups, lexical and auxiliary. i.
Lexical verbs According to Finch 2000: 130, lexical verbs are verbs that
can act as the main verb in a verb phrase. ii.
Auxiliary verbs Finch says that auxiliary verbs are “helping verbs” that occur
with a lexical verb. Some functions of the auxiliary verbs are to construct contrasts of aspect and voice and to determine the tense of
the phrase. While, Jack E. Conner in his book A Grammar of Standard
English states an auxiliary verb is a verb which is neither a copula nor a notional verb, and which convey none but grammatical information.
The auxiliary verb is accompanied by verbal adjective or a verbal noun Conner, 1986: 159-160.
Based on the form of verbs are divided into two classes. iii.
Regular Basic Forms Here, the writer will focus on a basic form of a verb that can
stand by itself as the past tense. It means the action took place and came to the end in the past. The form of a verb will be added ed or d
form simple past tense Guth, 1965: 27. iv.
Irregular Basic Forms Irregular verb usually have not two but three basic forms. The
irregular verb may be either confusingly different or confusingly similar Guth, 1965:27. First the difference between simple present
and simple past is not merely a matter of adding –ed. Sometimes there is also a choice of two acceptable forms. For instance, the simple past
tense and the past participle of dive which are dove and dived are acceptable.
b. Determiner
It is “a class of words which always occur with a noun and serve to specify, or ‘determine’, its number or definiteness” Finch, 2000: 91. It
consists of articles, possessives, demonstratives, and quantifiers. c.
Pronoun It is “a word which can be used to substitute for a single noun or
complete noun phrase” Finch, 2000: 114. There are several types of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
pronouns which can be used depending on the function of the pronoun in the sentence. Pronouns are used as demonstrative: this, that, these, those;
interrogative: who, which, what, where; negation: no. nobody, no one, nothing; personal and reflexive pronouns: I, my, mine, myself; reciprocal
pronouns: each other, one other; relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whose; quantifier: some, any, each, all, both, either and every that
can be combined with –one, -thing and –body. d.
Negation Negation is used to deny something. “It is a single negative
particle can serve to deny long and complicated rhetorical sentences” Conner, 1986: 199. The most “conspicuous device for negation” is the
negative particle not. People also use never, no, none, and other words “which incorporate the basic negative particle 1986: 199.
e. Noun
According to Guth, nouns usually have two forms, one referring to a single item or singular, the other referring to more than one item of
the same kind or plural 1965: 17.
4. Theory on Subject-Verb Agreement
Agreement is a property of grammatical organization found in pair of words in English it is between a subject and a verb and between a determiner and a noun.
