Review of Literature REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPT AND THEORETICAL

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPT AND THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK

2.1 Review of Literature

In relation to this study, some previous studies are reviewed. These studies particularly concern with the topic of speech acts. However, each of them shows its own specification. They still contribute to this study in terms of the theory and data to be used. Dewi 2011, in her undergraduate thesis entitled Indirect IIlocutions in Blaccker‟s Novel “Ms. Wiz Loves Dracula”focused on the expressions and intended meaning of indirect illocutions. The data used was obtained from novel in the form of library research. In this previousstudy, theory of indirect illocutions by Searle 1969 and theory of context of situation by Halliday 1964 were applied. She found some indirect illocutions in the form of declarative, interrogative and imperative. She also showed that context determined the language used by the participant in a particular situation. Besides, she noted that indirect illocution utterances, which are spoken by characters in the novel, are used to avoid rudeness. The difference between this present study and the previous study is in the data source. The previous study used a novel which is in the form of text, while the data in this study wasobtained from the movie. Even though novel is also a good choice in analysing speech acts, it sometimes cannot manifest the context clearly. The imagination formed by the readers can be wrongly interpreted and different from being intended to deliver by the writer. Meanwhile, in a movie, 8 more detail information can be caught, such as gesture, intonation, mimic, the situation of the surroundings, etc. In addition, Andari 2011, in her thesis Speech Act in the Movie “Green Hornet”, analysed speech acts components. Her study was library research. Her data source was movie entitled Green Hornet. There were two theories used in her study. They were theory of speech act proposed by Austin 1962 and the ethnography of communication that was proposed by Hymes 1972. She discovered that the components of speech acts were closely related. Each of them cannot stand alone since when the speaker performed locutionary acts, there would be illocutionary acts intended by the speaker. In turn, when the hearer achieved what was intended by the speaker, it was said that the hearer got an effect of the utterance. This study however not only discussed about the components of speech acts but also its dimensions, i.e. directness and literalness. Speech acts that was found was classified based on their directness and literalness such as indirect and non- literal speech acts. Furthermore, the interaction between directness and literalness dimension was also discussed. Generally, when discussing about the types of speech act, only direct and indirect speech acts are introduces. However, since this study uses the theory proposed by Parker 1986, it presentstype of speech acts based on two dimensions, directness and literalness. Directness refers direct and indirect speech act while literalness covers literal and non-literal speech act. Moreover, the speech acts in each dimension could interact and form four different speech acts. They are direct literal, direct non-literal, indirect literal and indirect non-literal. This study focused deeply on analyzing indirect and non- literal speech acts and the context of situation as well. Next, undergraduate thesis entitled Direct or Indirect Speech Acts in Advertisements at Bali Advertiserwritten by Widiastuti 2011 concerned with the analysis of the way of expressing speech acts, the function of speech acts and the meaning of speech acts. Her data was obtained from some slogans of advertisement at Bali Advertiser. She found that most advertisements used direct speech act. Most of them were in imperative sentence and used as commandrequest. It is because normally advertisement is used to persuade the reader to buy the product in that advertisement. This present study uses movie as data source which provide more opportunity to find other kinds of speech acts in relation to directness and literalness dimension. It is because movie consists of several scenes. In one scene, it can be found some utterances, which are different from those in another scene. Therefore, different utterances with different form and meaning are more likely to be found as compared to relatively limited text in advertisement. An article written by Nastri2004 entitled The Construction of Away Massages: A Speech act Analysis also discusses about speech acts. This study investigated the extent to which these communicative goals are reflected in the language structure of away messages, by examining the speech acts performed through the production of 483 away messages crafted by 44 participants. The messages were also analysed for the use of non-standard orthography and humor. The results show that the messages were constructed primarily with assertives, followed by 11 expressive and commissives, but rarely with directives, confirming that away messages tend to reflect both informational and entertainment goals. The theory used during the analysis is the theory of speech acts proposed by Searle. This study used a sample population consisting of 49 undergraduate students who were recruited in Spring 2004 from a communication class at a large northeastern university in the United States. The sample consisted of 29 females 59.1 and 20 males 40.9, who ranged in age from 18 to 22 years old. Students in the study were given course credit for their participation. Five participants did not produce any away messages; thus the final sample size was reduced to 44 participants. This previous study is worthwhile to be read because the research is the analysis of the speech acts in the field of communication technology. It could bring us knowledge about the theory of speech acts that could be used in analyzing the data that is related to the field of communication technology. The research also shows that not all of the types of speech acts that are proposed by Searle appeared in the communication. Just few of them appeared during the analysis such as assertives, directives and commissives. The different side between the previous research and this research is that this research does not just identified the indirect and non-literal speech acts that appeared during the communication between the speaker and the hearer but also the forces and functions the indirect and non-literal speech actsused in the movie The Imitation Game. The strength point of this study is the analysis of the context of situation. It shows how the speaker and the hearer use the indirect and non- literal speech acts in their face to face conversation in The Imitation Gamemovie. It wasanalysed by the context of situation theory by Hymes 1974. One of the international journals that had been reviewed is the article written by Broad 1988,entitled They Finally Got the Joke A Speech-Act Approach to Helping Students Respond Appropriately to Foreign Language Texts. This journal describes the use of speech acts to enhance the students ‟ understanding of the foreign language through the application of speech acts approach. This written convinces us that the problems encountered in the class such as the linguistics variation in the foreign language make the student lack of understanding about the language itself. The theory of “Implicatures” that is proposed by H. P. Grice help the researcher in finding the result of the research. This theory offers a way to get the intention of the reader‟s response as encoded in the text. Grice‟s theory, along with other developments in the theory of perlocutions, makes predictions about how readers are supposed to respond to something in the text, whether or not they do respond that way. In this article, the writer explains us that once students have learned to think of literary characters as pure language constructs, they are better able to differentiate between such things as story from discourse or plot from theme. At the beginning, readers can see that the question is not about the autonomy of characters but about the nature of existence. Humor in literary works, especially when it relies on wordplay and detailed cultural knowledge, is probably one of the hardest features for students to appreciate. Here, too, though, a simple introduction to elements of speech-act theory can be useful. This journal also gives the reader a way to make the students interesting to read a book in the foreign language. For the example In Lazarillo de Tormes, the sixteenth-century originator of the picaresque genre, examples of language play abound. The following instance is taken from the episode of the squire where Lázaro is trying to save his master from starvation by helping him overcome his pride. The squi re has agreed to try some of the pig‟s knuckle and is clearly enjoyed it. The conclusion of this written was the enhancement of enjoyment and appreciation is probably the most important contribution speech-act theory has to make in the teaching of literature to undergraduate foreign language students. If students can be taught to recognize that there is more to the texts they are asked to read than a simple story line, their involvement with the process becomes much more complete and much less an exercise in frustration and a matter of trying to figure out “what the teacher wants me to see.” In the end speech-act theory can enable them to read any text more intelligently and to think critically about what they are doing. This written is very important to read since it gives us a picture about the application of the speech acts theory that could be applied in the teaching learning activity. It could enhance students ‟ language understanding. This application also proves us that the theory of linguistic does not just use to analyse the language itself but also could be implemented in the field that could bring advantages for the user. This present study focused on the application of speech acts theory in identifying the expressions of indirect and non-literalspeech acts type, their functions used by the characters in true story The Imitation Game movie. Meanwhile, the journal above gives us the explanation about the application of the speech acts theory in improving student‟s language understanding.

2.2 Concepts