12 character pp. 171-172. It can help the readers see about what a certain person so
that they can understand a characteristic of the way of the character thinks.
i. Mannerism
Showing manners or habits of a character can be a way for the author in describing a characteristic of the character p. 173. The author also can tell the
characteristic of the character to the readers explicitly or implicitly. It can also show whether the character has a good personality or not.
3. Theory of Personality Development
As human beings in society, people always have a relation with other people around them. They live in their own uniqueness, talents, and personalities.
It means that there are many differences around them. The differences sometimes make a problem that needs some efforts to solve it. In solving the problem, people
need to have a good personality. When someone can solve his problem, it can motivate him for doing something because every single moment can give a
significant ef fect to human‟s personality. Based on the focus of this study, namely
Grant‟s personality, the researcher would like to explain some important points of personality development. In this part, the researcher discusses the meaning of
personality, the kinds of personality change, and the conditions responsible for personality change.
a. The meaning of personality
Allport defines personality as “the dynamic organization with in the
individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and
thought” as cited in Hurlock, 1974, p. 7. It can be said that PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13 personality is a dynamic process of dete
rmining someone‟s behavior. It means that someone‟s behavior is developed by his personality. Personality also influences
someone‟s way of thinking because personality is combination of someone‟s characteristics. Personality and characteristic are not synonymous. The meaning of
characteristic is someone‟s trait which can be shown in someone‟s way of thinking
and acting. It relates to behavior that is controlled by someone‟s effort and
willingness. While personality is the total quality of someone‟s behavior entirely. It means th
at personality is a total picture of someone‟s characteristics. In understanding someone‟s personality, it needs to discover the internal factors
which lie behind someone‟s actions to know the reasons of his acting Young, 1945, p. 3.
b. The kinds of personality change
Personality can be changed. The definition of change is not the same with the definition of improvement. Improvement means that someone‟s quality moves
to a higher level. The meaning of change is a movement of someone or something but it can be better or worse. It depends on the result of the change. In this life,
almost all people want to change the quality of their personalities to be better. The desire to improve it usually develops when someone becomes aware of what
parents, teachers, or others say to him Hurlock, 1974, p. 119. Hurlock 1974 says that there are three major categories of personality
change, namely better versus worse, quantitative versus qualitative, and slow versus rapid changes pp. 120-122.
14
1 Better versus worse
The changes that happen in someone‟s personality are divided into two kinds; some changes are for the better and some are for the worse. It means that
someone‟s personality can change to be better or worse. It depends on the result of t
heir changes. The change that happens in someone‟s personality shows about someone‟s effort in adjusting their lives. It means that the more someone is trying
to adjust in his life, the more he will get changes. When someone personality changes to be better, it improves the self-concept, self-confidence, and self-
assurance of the person p. 120. By contrast, when someone‟s personality
changes to be worse, the quality of his self-concept will decline and leads to feelings of inadequacy and inferiority. Those feelings are expressed in many
behavior patterns, such as antagonisms, defensive reactions, and depression pp. 120-121.
2 Quantitative versus qualitative
The second category of personality change is quantitative versus qualitative. The difference between quantitative and qualitative can be seen in the
change of those categories. Quantitative changes are about someone‟s
characteristics which are reinforced, strengthened, or weakened p. 121. It can be measured or seen in someone‟s characteristics. For example, the change of
someone‟s weight, height, ability to master the vocabularies, or aggressive behavior. Qualitative changes do not normally occur, it does not mean that
qualitative changes cannot and do not occur. It can change but it may not always be recognized p. 121. For example,
the quality of someone‟s adjustment will be PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15 affected by the alteration that he made, but the change usually cannot occur
directly.
3 Slow versus rapid changes
The third category of personality change is slow versus rapid changes. The difference between slow change and rapid change is seen on how the change of
those categories. The change is slow when the change is barely visible. By contrast, rapid changes are the changes that can be seen obviously very visible. In
a personality change, the change normally happens slowly and gradually. It is because when someone has a change, the change will influence someone‟s habit
so that the new habit will replace the previous habit. Therefore, the improvement of someone‟s personality need a long time. It is because the old habit has been
reinforced through repeated experiences p. 122. A rapid change happens in a short duration. This change is also called as a
danger signal. It is because the change is usually caused by some artificial stimulation p. 122. The effect of consuming some artificial stimulation is that it
makes someone forget about his real self-concept or his problems. For example, when someone in under the influence of alcohol, he would forget his real self-
concept and become a changed person. He can change from a depressed person into a happy person. Rapid changes can also be persistent p. 122. Those changes
are not caused by artificial stimulants but they are caused by endocrine or neurological upsets, such as brain injuries, tumors, cancer, or some other diseases.
Those serious diseases make someone change his personality. Actually, the person who has changed because of those causes is aware that he is not himself. It means
16 that he knows that his personality has changed but there is no guarantee that he
will return to his former adjustment although he has recovered.
c. Conditions responsible for personality change
The changes of personality usually are the result of someone‟s process in
thinking or feeling. In a normal person, there are several causes that make changes in his personality, even the causes may or may not be interconnected. According
to Hurlock 1974, there are some conditions that are responsible for personality changes, namely physical changes, changes in environment, changes in significant
people, changes in social pressures, changes in roles, strong motivation, and changes in the self-concept.
1 Physical changes
Physical changes may happen because maturation, decline, or illness, or some
other condition that caused of someone‟s lifestyle p. 124. The physical changes have a big influence on someone‟s self-concept especially when they
occur rapidly. It happens because when someone has rapidly physical change, he must not only make readjustment of his physical change but also change his self-
concept. It means that the impact of physical changes is more pronounced to a person who is initially healthier than one who has been ill from birth. It is because
he must change his self-concept and accept the changes. Those changes are the
causes of the personality change p. 124. 2
Changes in environment
Personality changes may be caused by changes in environment. It is because changes in environment may cause change in someone‟s self-concept.
17 However, the changing which is caused by the environment will not guarantee as a
personality improvement. It means that the changes in environment can give a good effect or bad effect. It depends on how the environment accepts the person
and gives what the person needs. Based on Hurlock 1974, p. 125, there are four things that should be done by the changes in environment to give a good
improvement of someone‟s personality. First, the changes in environment must make the status of the person to be better so that the person can feel more secured
in his life. Second, the changes in environment must make the person become balanced with the environment. It means that the environment can provide his
needs. Third, the changes in environment must give the authority to the person to be closer with his ideal. Fourth, the changes in environment must give
opportunities to the person to help him realize himself realistically and revise his goals and aspirations based on his abilities.
3 Changes in significant people
Hurlock says that s omeone‟s personality change can also be affected by
other people, especially the significant people in his life. When the significant people have changed, the individual will motivate himself to change his
personality to be like them. The individual will try to get closer with the special people in his life. The
extent of the individual‟s personality changes depends on how much the significant people‟s attitudes and value differ from the individuals‟.
It means that if there is a great difference of them, it will motivate the individual to change his personality to be greater p. 126.
18
4 Changes in social pressure
Hurlock 1974 states that personality changes are also affected by social pressures. S
trong social pressures play a big role in someone‟s personality development. It happens because when someone has a strong feeling to be
accepted in society but society does not accept his personality, he will change his personality
to be closer with the society‟s standard so that he can be accepted in his society p. 126.
5 Changes in roles
Changes in roles also play a big role in personality change. The changes give effects either to be better or worse. It depends on how well the new roles fit
someone‟s needs. If the changes make the status become more favorable, it will change someone‟s self-concept better. Hurlock says that there are three conditions
related to role changes that can damage someone‟s personality pattern. The first is the condition when someone is being prevented to make a better change by people
around him. Second condition is when someone is forced to do something that he does not want to do. Third condition is when someone is not ready to receive a
role change p. 127.
6 Strong motivation
When someone has a strong enough motivation to improve his personality, the changes can be effective. It is because usually people change their
personalities to improve their social relationship so that they can be accepted in their society. Hurlock states that there are two kinds of people, namely outer-
directed people and inner-directed people. When other‟s opinions about their
19 personalities are bad, outer-directed people will change their personalities as good
as the other‟s standards. It means that strong motivation can be gotten from external or internal factor p. 127.
7 Changes in the self-concept
Hurlock says that self-concept is the main part that has a big influence for someone‟s personality. When the self-concept has changed, it will change the
e ntire of someone‟s personality. Changing the self-concept is very difficult. It
takes a long time and requires tremendous self-insight. The process of the changing is slowly and gradually to make the process does not upset the entire of
someone‟s personality. It means that someone who wants to change his self- concept must be able to recognize and accept his real life. He must see himself as
he actually is, not as he wants to be or as others perceive him p. 128.
4. Theory of Motivation
Motivation implies that energy is involved to activate the individual to a level that enables the performance of the appropriate behavior. Huffman and
Vernoy 2000, pp. 392-401 clarify that the meaning of motivation is the process of activating, maintaining and directing of an individual‟s behavior toward a
particular goal. It refers to some factors of an individual such as needs, desires, and interests. There are two forms of motivation, namely intrinsic and extrinsic
motivations. Intrinsic motivation occurs from the satisfaction arising out of the behavior itself
. It is someone‟s desire to perform an act for his own sake. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation occurs because there is an external factor which
20 presses someone to do something. It means that the motivation is not inherent in
the behavior itself.
5. Theory of Needs
Maslow 1971 explains about how people satisfy various personal needs in the context of their work.
It is shown as Maslow‟s Hierarchy of Needs. There are five levels of personal needs, namely physiological needs, safety needs, belonging
needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Those levels are depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
Figure 1.1 The First Hierarchical Pyramid of Maslow’s Theory of Needs Maslow, 1971
a. Physiological Needs
The first level has to do with physiological needs. Physiological needs include air, food, water, sex, sleep, and other factors. It becomes the first level
21 because it is the basic needs and must be satisfied before advancing to other needs
or higher levels. People will always try to fulfill the physiological needs to continue their lives for fulfilling their other needs p. 38.
b. Safety Needs
Safety needs are the second level of human‟s needs. People want to be
secured and safe in their lives. It is because people want to seek pleasure and avoid pain. Safety needs include security of environment, health, employment,
feeling, and property. It means that all human beings want to be safe in every condition in their lives so that they can feel comfortable in doing everything that
they want p. 40.
c. Belonging and Love Needs
In their lives, people want to be accepted by others. They need a feeling that can trust and be trusted by others. Belonging and love needs include love,
friendship, family, and intimacy. Love is an affectionate relationship between someone and others that include the mutual trust pp. 40-41. Therefore, people
need love to affiliate with others, be accepted, and give and receive attention.
d. Esteem Needs
According to Maslow, there are two categories of esteem needs, namely self-esteem and self-respects. Self-
esteem consists of someone‟s desire for adequacy, confidence, achievement, independence and freedom. Self-respect
includes of someone‟s recognition, acceptance, prestige, attention, status, appreciation, and reputation from others. The reason why people need esteem
22 needs is because they want to achieve and gain approval. They also want to be
competent in their fields p. 42.
e. Self-actualization Needs
The last level, self-actualization needs, is the top level of the needs which are considered as growth needs. These include morality, creativity, and problem
solving. As time goes by, people are always changing to reach their goals. They always try and want to develop their skills and potentials. Therefore, they need
self-actualization needs in their lives. Self-actualization needs are someone‟s
identification of his psychological need for growth, development, and utilization of his potential. It is as his desire to be better and be everything that he is capable
of becoming. People need self-actualization needs because they want to find self- fulfillment and realize their potential so that it can help them in reaching their
goals p. 42.
6. Theory of Critical Approach
A novel is one of literary works that gives a reader a lot of knowledge, lesson, and value. It is because there are so many interesting elements inside the
story to be analyzed. In analyzing the elements in a story, the researcher firstly needs to know how to read and understand it. As Rohberger and Woods say that if
someone wants to know what literature is, he should understand how to read and how to judge it 1971, p. 3. There are five approaches in the literature which can
be used to understand the nature, positive value, and function of a story. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach,
mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach pp. 7-11. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
23 In this study, the researcher uses psychological approach to answer the
research questions which discuss the personality and motivation. It is a way to help a researcher analyze literary works. It focuses on the human psychology, such
as thought, human personality, behavior, and other aspects related to human psychology p. 9. As the focus of this study, motivation and emotions are also
among the inner states that influence human behavior which is the part of psychology field Tyson, 2011, p. 81. Psychological approach is an approach
which focuses on human behavior p. 82. The reason why the researcher uses the psychological approach is because personality and motivation have relation with
human emotions and behavior. It helps the researcher understand human‟s
behavior better because it reveals a personality and personal development of the character in a story. Therefore, the researcher uses psychological approach as a
psycho analysis to analyze the characters in this novel.
C. Theoretical Framework
There are five theories that are used in this study in order to support the analysis and to answer the two research questions. Those theories are theory of
character, theory of characterization, theory of personality development, theory of motivation, and theory of needs.
The theories of character and characterization are used to find out the characteristics of Grant Taylor in
Facing the Giant
novel. In addition, the theories help the researcher understand every single action, speech, and thought of Grant
Taylor so that the researcher can answer the first research question, which is to identify how Grant‟s characteristics is being presented in
Facing the Giant.
24 Secondly, the theory of personality development is used to find out Grant
Ta ylor‟s personality that is described in this novel. It is also used to find the
development of Grant‟s personality. After finding Grant‟s personality development, the researcher uses the theory of motivation and the theory of needs
to support the researcher in answering the second research question which is to identify how Grant Taylor‟s personality influences his team‟s motivation. The
theory of motivation and theory of needs are used to find out the description of Taylor and his team‟s motivation and needs that are appeared in
Facing the Giant
novel so that at the last analysis, the researcher can describe the influence of Grant‟s personality on his team‟s motivation.
25
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of two sections. They are object of the study and approach of the study. In the object of the study, the researcher explains the
physical description and the special record of the novel studied. The approach of the study elaborates the approach that is used in this study, namely psychological
approach. This section also explains the reasons why the researcher uses the psychological approach in this study.
A. Object of the Study
The object of this study is a novel titled
Facing the Giants
. It was written in 2007 by Eric Wilson, the
New York Times
best-selling writer of
Fireproof
and
Flywheel
. There are two editions of
Facing the Giants.
The first edition was published in September 2007 by Thomas Nelson as a paperback novel. The
second edition was published in 2008 by Thomas Nelson as a hardcover novel. In this study, the researcher used the second edition. The genre of this novel is
spirituality. This novel consists of 329 pages in 47 chapters. This novel is based on the movie directed by Alex Kendrick and Stephen Kendrick. The movie was
released in 29 September 2006 by Samuel Goldwyn Films. This movie was novelized in September 2007 by Eric Wilson.
This novel tells about Grant Taylor, a coach of a high school football team named Shiloh Christian Eagles. For 6 years, his team has never won any football
26
competition. When he coaches Shiloh team, the leading scorer has left the team for joining their rival school team. It makes Grant
‟s team become weak. Therefore, it gives pressure to
Grant‟s team. A group of fathers is secretly organizing to have him dismissed as a head coach.
Grant Taylor does not only have the problems in his football team but he also has problems in his family. He feels that he cannot provide a decent home for
his wife. He also has a big problem with his wife, Brooke, in their attempts to start a family. Grant and Brooke have to face infertility. This is the reason why his wife
cannot become pregnant. Devastated by his circumstances, he cries out to God in desperation. One
day, Grant receives a message from an unexpected visitor. He gets an inspiration from the visitor to have a stronger goal for his football team. He believes that it is
God‟s way to lead his team to become a winner. Therefore, he also encourages his team to believe that God will make an impossible thing become possible. It
encourages Grant and his team to become more motivated. They face their giants of fear and failure to reach their goals of being the winner.
B. Approach of the Study
As the focus of this study is on the personality and motivation of Grant Taylor who is the main character of the novel, the researcher applies a
psychological approach in this study. This psychological approach is applied to help the researcher analyze the personality of Grant and the motivation of his
football team. It is because personality and motivation are the parts of psychological field. Based on the theories explained in the previous chapter,
27
motivation can be caused by extrinsic factors such as environment and other‟s
personalities Huffman and Vernoy, 2000, p. 392. It can encourage people to motivate them in reaching their goals. By using the psychological approach, the
researcher could see the influence of Grant ‟s personality on his football team‟s
motivation so that it helps the researcher answer the two formulated research questions which are about personality and motivation.
