Role of Institutions in Waltzian Neorealism

834 Internaional Conference on Social Poliics theory of international relations to investigate how cooperation among states in this region has evolved and developed in responding potential disasters and to what extent the emerging regime is effective. This piece tries to provide insights and lessons for the way forward for strengthened cooperative efforts in responding the threat of disasters in ASEAN REFERENCES Thuzar, Moe 2015. “Disaster Management and Humanitarian Action in Southeast Asia Opportunities for an ASEAN- Japan Coordinated Approach” in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Action in Southeast Asia. Amador III, Julio Saniago. 2009, Community Building at the Time of Nargis: The ASEAN Response, in: Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 28, 4, Fan, Lilianne and Krebs, Hanna B 2014. Regional Organizations and Humanitarian Action: The Case of ASEAN. HPG Working Paper Litta, Henriette 2012. Regimes in Southeast Asia: an Analysis of Environmental Cooperation. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Sawada, Yasuyuki and Zen, Fauziah. 2014. Disaster Management in ASEAN. ERIA Discussion Paper Series Singh, Udai Bhanu 2012. Disaster Management in South-East Asia Perspectives. Journal of Defence Studies. Vol. 6 No. 1 January Allen Yuhung Lai, Jingwei Alex He, Teck Boon Tan, Kai Hong Phua 2009.. A Proposed ASEAN Disaster Response, Training and Logistic Centre Enhancing Regional Governance in Disaster Management. Transit Stud Rev A Proposed. ASEAN Disaster Response, Training and Logistic Centre Enhancing Regional Governance In Disaster Management ASEAN. AADMER and Its Institutional Arrangements Disaster Response in Asia and the Paciic a Guide To International Tools and Service Hasenclever, et al 1997. Theories of International Regimes. New York: Cambridge University Press OCHA-RAOP 2013, “Disaster Response in Asia and the Paciic A Guide to International: Tools and Services.” Lee Jones 2011, ASEAN, Sovereignty and Intervention in Southeast Asia. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 835 Internaional Conference on Social Poliics THE NUCLEAR IRAN DEAL: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES Imam Mahdi kampungbukityahoo.co.id Lecturer at Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Abstract Negotiation between Iran and P5+1 China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States; plus Germany about Iran nuclear crisis had reached agreement. It contains in JCPoA Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action that all of countries must compliance this deal. To reach this deal, they had extended more than eighteen months. Debating from negosiators involve this meeting. On the one hand, Iran believes that their nuclear program used to enrich energies and to buffer economic growth. On the other hand, P5+1 must have guarantee from Iran that their nuclear only for non proliferation program. Some supporters of the agreement argue that this new opportunity for Iran both in economics and politics. Iran will have chance to grow their economic and to develop new relationship with Middle East states. Under this deal, Iran will be able trading with European countries which are huge market for Iran products. In politics perspective, it can decrease fearfulness of Iran’s neighbors, especially GCC members. This also as a guarantee for international community, that Iran does not make their nuclear power to support terrorism in the Middle East. In contrast, this deal can be as a challenge for P5+1 to prove that Iran will commit with it. However, many states doubt that Iran will not comply this proposal. Iran is widely acknowledged as a common enemy for many countries in Middle East, especially Saudi Arabia and Israel. Hence, many countries want to see the next agenda after this agreement. Keyword: iran nuclear crisis, negotiation, agreement. INTRODUCTION Iran nuclear issue has ignited debating between Iran and international community since 2006. The aim of the solution was to stop Iran activities on nuclear program, which made international community worry about it. Most of Western countries believe that Iran want to be a nuclear state and produce MDW mass destruction weapon. This happens because of Iran history that indicated Iran want to be a powerful state in Middle East. Furthermore, Iran announces to the world that they want to be a powerful state in the world, particularly in order to transfer Iranian Revolution. This was massive debate in international forum in Ahmadinejad era who called provocateur leader. In General assembly of United Nations, he said that Western countries were not fair, they could make a nuclear as their energy and weapon, but it does not work for Iran. Iran will keep ighting to survive Iran nuclear program and prove it that Iran will not produce MDW. Although Ahmadinejad want to prove it, it does not give any inluences to Western paradigm. They still believe Iran has agenda making bomb from nuclear. In the end of 2006, Iran did not want to stop the program because they believe that this negotiation is only the representation of Western interest then Western countries ignored Iran proposal. Thus, Iran got sanction from SC Security Council United Nations six times, which were 1696 2006, 1737 2006, 17472007, 18032008, 18352008, and 1929 2010. All of the sanctions were focus on three points UN Security Council Resolution. First, banning on Iranian certain nuclear and missile investment abroad. It was including conventional arm, ballistic missile, and cargo inspection. Second, banning on bunkering services. This was to stop Iran inancial transfer from and to Iran. Third, targeting of this sanctions on speciic individuals and entities, such as the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines IRISL and Iran Air’s cargo division. The sanctions were not only from SC 836 Internaional Conference on Social Poliics but also from EU European Union. This organisation usually added the sanction Chang Mihan, 2014: 1. Such as, giving ban for Iran to export and import product from and to EU. Furthermore, it was also ban for Iran air traverse and frozen bank account in EU. Although, Iran got the embargo to press Iranian politics and economics, this sanction could not make Iran gave up to continue their program. Iran thought that their nuclear program is on the right track, as a proof it joins as one of sates signing NPT Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty. This sanction did not make Iran stop the program. It was continued to enrich nuclear ability until 20 . In the history, it is widely known that Iran has problem with Western states, especially after Iran Revolution in 1979. Nuclear program has become complex problems after Ahmadinejad became president of Iran Republic. Iran under Ahmadinejad Era had been progressive to attack Western country; it was not only about nuclear but also about Genocide history in the Europe. Then Western responsibility is very important in Palestine-Israel war. Thus, diplomacy as a key to solve this crisis under Ahmadinejad was unsuccessful. In 2013, Hassan Rouhani replaced Ahmadinejad as Iran President, then negotiation became more lexible. Hassan Rouhani had different perspective to reach the goal about Iran nuclear crisis. Talking Iran nuclear program with Western countries has been a long way to go. On September 2013, US-Iran phone call led the to more talks. Due to this communication, Iran and P5+1 negotiated in Geneva on October 2013. Until Iran and P5+1 agree to join JCPoA Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. FOCUS DEBATING Iran and P5+1 had debated about three points that very crucial to discuss. First is the scope of permissible uranium enrichment on Iranian soil. On one side, Iran want to keep their goal to enrich uranium until 20 , then Iran should minimize through a reduction in the number of centrifuges Adel: 2015. P5+1 believe that the new reactor at Arak can produce plutonium. This is potential to be a basic material to make nuclear devises. Furthermore, the main debate topic was on limit for Iran to enrich their centrifuges. Iran must allow stopping building addition each reactor for a deined period of time Albright, Stricker, Vergantini Houston Wood, 2015: 3. Second, IAEA International Atom Energy Agreement want to be a guide to control Iran program. In the fact, IAEA sometimes refused by Iran government. On Iran’s perspective, IAEA is as a Western representative. Its reports were not match with the fact in the ield. Nevertheless, the main problem is IAEA want to have access anywhere and anytime, including to the military sites those are research, development, and production of nuclear Albright, Stricker, Vergantini Houston Wood, 2015: 10. For this case, Iran as an object of an idea which states Iran is not a sovereign state. Third, Iran sanction will be lifted by United Nations, United States and European Union when Iran commit with this agreement. It will be applicable after three months. In contrast, Iran wants a guarantee, and this sanction must be lifted after agreement signed Cordesman, 2015: 2. This is quite dificult for P5+1, they are aware that Iran will be noncompliance with this commitment. Iran is in a weak position, because all of P5+1 are in same perspective that Iran will make nuclear as weapon and more than nine years, all of member in SC usually agree to give sanction to Iran. In the fact, China and Russia usually do not implement this agenda. On the other hand, Iran is actually in top position. This is because Iran has proven that they still commit to build nuclear program under the sanction. It means Iran still struggle although under sanction. In addition, this negotiation can be only the last alternative from SC, though sanction does not have big impact for internal life of Iran both to the people and the government. Beside of this debating, Iran said based on the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons NPT, encourage all of the members to give a guarantee that their