9
focuses on the various classroom activities which are believed to promote the development of language skills.
7
2. Process of Writing
In some ways writing a paper is like building a house. There are some steps to follow in building a house. At the beginning, it starts by
planning the kind of house until the last step is add finishing touches that make the house a pleasure to live in.
8
So, writing a paper, like building a house is a process. Both of them are done in some stages. As Richards and
Renandya mention the four stages of the process of writing: prewriting, drafting, revising, and editing.
9
Tribble argues that the process of writing is not as a fixed sequence but as a dynamic and unpredictable process.
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Tribble’s model of writing is shown in Figure 1.
PREWRITING COMPOSING
DRAFTING REVISING
EDITING
Figure 2.1 Tribble’s Model of Writing
7
David Nunan, Language Teaching Methodology: A Textbook for Teacher, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1991, p. 86
8
George Brainey and Claire May, Writing from Sources: A Guide for ESL Students, Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing, 1996, p. 17
9
Jack C. Richards and Willy A. Renandya, Methodology in Language Teaching: An Anthology of Current Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 315
10
Christopher Tribble, Writing Language Teaching: A Scheme for Teacher Education. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 39
PUBLISHING
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From the figure above, it shows that the writing process is recursive. Recursive means that writing has several stages and these can be
performed from the initial to the final stages, and can proceed through again, until the final product is presented. The writer at any point in the preparation
of a text, they can return to see which is need to replan or revise stages they had completed.
a. Planning Prewriting
The first step in the writing process is to plan what kind of theme or topic of the paper. First, the writer needs to select a subject and then
narrow the subject to a topic. At the same time, the writer thinks about the purpose of the theme of the paper,
who it’s reader will be, and the research that the writer do to gather information.
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It can be stated that a careful planning is very important step in the writing process. It’s a very crucial step which can determine whether the
writing is good or not. In a good writing, the writer should analyze the purpose of the paper as well as the readers’ knowledge and their interest
about the paper. Prewriting in Richard’s opinion is any activity in the classroom
that encourages students to write. Group brainstorming, clustering, rapid free writing, and wh-questions are several variety activities provide the
learning experiences for students.
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It is not only stimulates thoughts for getting started, but also motivates the students to write for gathering
information during prewriting. b.
Drafting Drafting is the stage where the writer focused on the fluency of
writing and not worries yet about grammar, punctuation, or spelling. The writer’s goal is just to state the main idea clearly and develop the content
of the paper with plenty of specific details.
13
At this stage, the writer just writes down the information on the paper. Moreover, Hedge said that the
11
George Brainey and Claire May, Writing ….p.17
12
Jack C. Richards and Willy A. Renandya, Methodology … p. 316
13
John Langan, English Skill, New York: Mc Graw Hill, 2006, p. 28
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drafting process focuses primarily on what the writer wants to say.
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It means that the content that’s important for a draft to produce the final
writing. c.
Revising After drafting the paper, the next step in the writing process is
revising. Revising means rewrite the paper, building upon what has already been done, in order to make it stronger.
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Stronger means the paper needs to be successful not only in the grammatical structure, but
also in the content of the writing, so the writer’s purpose fulfills the reader’s expectation. So, it can be stated that revising a paper to correct
any weaknesses is an important part of the writing process. d.
Editing The last major stage in the writing process is editing. At this
stage, the writer checking a paper for mistakes in grammar, punctuation, usage, and spelling.
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Richards also states that in the editing stage, the students engaged in tidying up their texts as they prepare the final draft
for evaluations by the teacher. They edit their own or their peer’s work for grammar, spelling, punctuation, diction, and sentence structure.
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Based on the definition above, editing within process writing is meaningful because the students can see their ideas on the paper during
the writing process has been written as clear as possible to the reader.
3. Purpose of Writing
When the writers do their writing, they certainly have some purpose. They have to consider the purpose of their writing since this will
influence, not only to the type of text they wish to produce, but including the language they use, and the information that they choose.
14
Tricia Hedge, Writing …p. 23
15
John Langan, English Skill …p.29
16
John Langan, English Skill …p.33
17
Jack C. Richards and Willy A. Renandya, Methodology …p. 318
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