Extrinsic Motivation Kinds of Motivation

about what he or she has written, it is also the communication process between the writer and the reader. In this case, the writer tried to communicate with the reader through printed text. Harris and Smith defined reading as a form of communication. Information and ideas are exchanged between writer and reader in the act of communicating. The writer expresses his thoughts on paper with language, using whatever skills and style he has developed personally. The reader attempts to retrieve meaning from the printed page. 17 Indeed, reading is the activity to build a simple idea of huge information. “Reading is the process by which we identify individual words from their printed and written forms, and by which we combine these words into simple ideas or prepositions, in order to be able to form a mental model of a text based upon inferences that take us beyond the information given.” 18 Through reading, the reader intended to build a schema related to the information he or she get, so he or she has a different point of view about anything. Through reading activity, someone can be an open minded person; because he or she got a lot of information from the text they read and construct a new main set in their mind. This opinion also supported by Taboada and Buehl who described the meaning of rea ding as the process of constructing meaning in the reader’s mind through interaction and involvement with written text. It is more about comprehending the texts; a reader must be an active participant who engages to a problem solving process where thinking is influenced by the text and reader’s knowledge. 19 17 Larry A. Harris and Carl B. Smith, Reading Instruction, New York: Richard C. Owen Publishers., 1980, p. 39. 18 Geoffrey Underwood and Vivienne Batt, Reading and Understanding: An Introduction to the Psychology of Reading, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1996, p. 189. 19 Ana Taboada Michelle M. Buehl , Teachers’ Conception of Reading Comprehension and Motivation to Read, Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, vol. 18, 2012, p. 102. From the definitions above, the writer assumes reading is an activity that the reader does to get information and writer’s idea from textual sources. Reading is not only looking at word in the form of graphic symbols but also getting meaning from word to word or line to line to understand what we read. It means that reading is the process to understand the text content and to get information meaningfully.

2. Purposes of Reading

A person may read for many purposes, and that purposes help to understand more what is read by people. If he or she is reading for pleasure or reading for pure recreation and enjoyment, he or she may read ether quickly or slowly based on the way he or she likes or feel. But if he or she is reading for study or information such news, science or some line, which are parts of his or her study or assignment it does very slowly and carefully. And generally, the purpose of reading is to find some information from the text. McDonough and Shaw as quoted from William; classify the purposes of reading into three purposes. First, people read to get the general information. Second, people read to get the specific information. Third, people read to get pleasure or interest, although it is for enjoyment, it is still purposeful. 20 McDonough and Shaw also stated as they quoted from Rivers and Temperley that the specific purpose in reading are 1 to get the information about a topic that students need, such as books, encyclopedia, etc. 2 to get the instruction on how to do something, such as instruction of electric devices. 3 to keep in touch with friends such as letters and email. 4 to know when or where something will take place or what is available, such as time table, schedule, etc. 5 to know what is happening or has happened, such as newspaper or magazine. 6 to get pleasure. 21 Those purposes are the reason why students usually want to read. In other hand, Murcia also stated 20 Jo McDonough Christopher Shaw, Materials and Methods in ELT, London: Blakweel, 1993, p. 102. 21 Ibid, pp. 102-103. that there are some other specific reading purposes for the students in academic setting, they are; to search information, to learn new information, to synthesize and evaluate the information and for general comprehension. 22 Based on the description, the writer considers that there are two general reading purposes. First, is to get the information whether it is general or specific information. Second, people read only for pleasure, because he or she likes the reading activity.

3. Kinds of Reading