commit to user while “social learning theory” is the same as “development theory”.
Arends’s view as well as Slavin’s view comes from schools of thought, namely as constructivism with Vygotsky and Piaget as the expert on the
theory. Despite the different name of theory used, the writer intends to draw
out it under the umbrella of motivation theory and cognitive theory in which cognitive theory is divided into development theory and cognitive
constructivism. To obtain what does the theory mean, below are clear definitions of each.
a. Motivation Theory
There are three types of social interdependence; positive cooperative, negative competition, and none individualistic efforts in
which every type has its own values. The example is competition where “individuals work against each other to achieve a goal that only one or a few
can attain” Johnson Johnson, 1989. In such kind of social interdependence, if one can succeed, others fail. Thus, success depends on
beating, defeating, and getting more than other people. While individuals’ effort means “when a situation is structured individualistically, there is no
correlation among participants’ goal attainments” Johnson Johnson, 1989 in
http:www.co-operation.orgpagesCLandD.htmlnature . In other
word, each individual perceives that heshe can reach his her goal regardless of whether other individuals attain or do not attain their goals
thereby success depends on one’s own efforts. The last, “cooperation is
commit to user working together to accomplish shared goals” Johnson Johnson in http:
www.co-operation.orgpagesCLandD.htmlnature . Within cooperative
activities individuals seek outcomes that are beneficial to themselves and beneficial to all other group members. Within cooperative learning students
are given two responsibilities: to learn the assigned material and make sure that all other members of their group do likewise. In cooperative learning
situations, students perceive that they can reach their learning goals only if other
students in
the group
also do
so http:www.co-
operation.orgpagesCLandD.htmlnature .
This does not mean, however, the competitive and individualistic efforts should be banned in schools. Students should learn how to compete
appropriately for fun and enjoyment, work individualistically on their own, and work cooperatively as part of team. Cooperative learning, then, should
be used in the majority of the school day.
b. Cognitive
