commit to user sampling technique. This technique is used when the population is divided
into the groups or classes. So, when the writer conducts the research on MTsN 2 Paron population, she can choose whether the seventh, eighth or
ninth year. As she teaches on the seventh year so that she intends to do the research on the seventh year, and the total number is 170 students. Two
classes are used in this research, one class for experimental group and another one for control group. The samples are class VII D for experimental
group and class VIIC for control group.
D. Variables and Research Design
There are two kinds of variables; independent variable and dependent variable. Below are clear distinctions.
a. Independent Variable 1 X
1
: the implementation of TGT and Direct Instruction method
b. Independent Variable 2 X
2
: students’ reading habit c. Dependent Variable Y: students’ ability in comprehending reading text.
It’s an experimental research by using factorial design 2 x 2 with ANOVA analysis. Below is the research design.
Main Effect Simple Effect
TGT A
1
Direct Instruction A
2
Mean score
HR B
1
A
1
B
1
A
2
B
1
å
1
B LR B
2
A
1
B
2
A
2
B
2
å
2
B Mean Score
å
1
A
å
2
A Table 2. Research Design
commit to user Where:
A
1
B
1
: Group of students having High Reading Habit HR who are taught using TGT method
A
1
B
2
: Group of students having Low Reading Habit LR who are taught using TGT method
A
2
B
1
: Group of students having High Reading Habit HR who are taught using Direct Instruction method
A
2
B
2
: Group of students having Low Reading Habit LR who are taught using Direct Instruction method
A
1
: TGT method A
2
: DI method
E. Technique of Collecting the Data
Data are absolute requirement of a research as it is a means of proving hypothesis. Data are used to either solve or answer the problem of
the research. In order to get the appropriate data, data must be collected by using appropriate method. According to Arikunto, there are some techniques
of collecting the data, namely: test, questionnaire, interview, observation, rating scale, and documentation 2002: 127.
In this research, the data are resulted from the reading test and questionnaire of students’ reading habit in reading English. In getting the
data of students’ reading comprehension, multiple choice test is used while students’ reading habit is resulted from the questionnaire. The writer uses
commit to user closed type questionnaire, in which the responses of the statement is given
so that it will be easier for the students to answer it. The validity and reliability of both questionnaire and reading
comprehension are essential to be determined. Below are the formula: 1. Reading Comprehension Test
a. The items validity :
t t
i
s X
X r
- =
2 i
i
q p
where:
2
r
= Coefficient of validity
=
i
X
Mean score of correct answers of certain item
=
t
X
Total mean score =
i
p The proportion of correct answer of all subjects
=
i
q The proportion of incorrect answer of all subjects
=
t
s Standard deviation of total score
The result of
o
r is compared with t
table
at the level of significance a = 0.05. The item is valid if
t o
r r
.
b. The reliability : 1
- =
k k
r
kk
ú û
ù ê
ë é
-
å
2
1
t
s pq
Where:
kk
r = Coefficient of reliability
k = Total item
å
pq = Sum of all item variance
commit to user
2 t
s = Total Variance
The result of
o
r is compared with t
table
at the level of significance a = 0.05. The item is valid if
t o
r r
. 2. The Questionnaire of students’ reading habit
a. The items validity :
t
r
5 2
2 t
i t
i
x x
x x
å å
=
where:
t
r
5
= Coefficient of validity
t i
x x
å
= Sum of all item variance
2 i
x = Total variance
2 t
x = total variance item
The result of
o
r is compared with t
table
at the level of significance a = 0.05. The item is valid if
t o
r r
.
b. The reliability : 1
- =
k k
r
kk
ú ú
û ù
ê ê
ë é
-
å
2 2
1
i t
s s
Where:
kk
r = Coefficient of reliability
k = Total item
å
2 i
s = Sum of all item variance
2 t
s = Total Variance
commit to user The result of
o
r is compared with t
table
at the level of significance a = 0.05. The item is valid if
t o
r r
.
F. Data Analysis
