40 Sustainable products
• ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines It
is designed for the preparation of, conduct of, and critical review of, life cycle inventory analysis. It also provides guidance on the impact assessment phase of LCA and on the interpretation of LCA results, as
well as the nature and quality of the data collected.
• ISOTR 14047:2012: Environmental Management – Life cycle Assessment – Examples of application of
ISO 14042 ISO 14042 has been withdrawn and revised by ISO 14040:2006 and 14044:2006 •
ISOTS 14048:2002: Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Data documentation format. LCAs must follow ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards as they provide the essential requirements in
performing the analysis
16
. The following publications use these ISO standards as their basis for providing further information and analysis of LCAs.
• The European Commission has published a handbook
17
that gives detailed guidance on all the steps required to conduct an LCA.
• The British Standards PAS
18
have published specifications for the assessment of the life cycle GHG emissions of goods and services.
• ETSI
19
standards development organization – recently published an LCA standard ETSI TS 103 199 for ICT equipment, networks, and services entitled: Environmental Engineering EE; Life Cycle Assessment
LCA of ICT equipment, networks and services: General methodology and common requirements. •
ITU
20
standards development organization – has developed an LCA standard: Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 2012: Methodology for environmental impact assessment of information and communication
technologies goods, networks and services. •
The World Resources Institute WRI
21
has published the Greenhouse Gas Protocol GHGP Standards for Corporations and also most recently the Corporate Value Chain Scope 3 Accounting and Reporting
Standard 5 October 2011. This is being followed by the development of Supplementary Guidelines for the ICT Industry, which includes ICT Hardware and Equipment, and Telecommunications Network
Services. These latter documents are planned for publication in mid-2012.
4.4 Demonstration models
Refer to the following publications and web links. •
A.S.G. Andrae 2009 Global Life-Cycle Impact Assessment of Material Shifts: The Example of a Pb-free Electronics Industry. ISBN-13: 978-1848826601, Springer UK, London, U.K. 183 pgs.
• A.S.G. Andrae, O. Andersen 2011: Life cycle assessment of integrated circuit packaging technologies.
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 163, 258-267.M. Erlandsson, M. Almemark:
16
International Organization for Standardization. “Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework”. ISO 14040:2006. “Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines”.
ISO 14044:2006. Online: http:www.iso.orgisostore.htm
.
17
European Commission Joint Research Centre 2011. International Reference Life Cycle Data ILCD System Handbook: General Guide for Life Cycle Assessment – Detailed Guidance. 1st edition, Dictus Publishing 17 June 2011. See also online:
http:lct.jrc.ec.europa.eupdf-directoryILCD-Handbook-General-guide-for-LCA-DETAIL-online-12March2010.pdf ;
http:lca.jrc.ec.europa.eulcaainfohubdatasetArea.vm .
18
British Standards Institute – Publicly Available Specification, “Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and service”, BSI PAS 2050:2008, online:
www.bsigroup.comuploadStandards20...EnergyPAS2050.pdf .
19
European Telecommunications Standards Institute: www.etsi.org
.
20
International Telecommunication Union: www.itu.int
.
21
World Resources Institute WRI. Publications at: www.wri.orgpublicationsclimate
.
Sustainable products 41
Background data and assumptions made for an LCA on creosote poles: www.ivl.sewebdavfilesB-
rapporterB1865.pdf .
• Inga Gurauskien, Visvaldas Varžinskas. Eco-design Methodology for Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Industry. Environmental research, engineering and management, 2006. No. 337, P.43-51. •
C. Herrmann, M. Spielmann: Methods and Overview on Activities on Carbon Footprints. EGG Conference – September 2008; Berlin, Germany.
• C. Herrmann, A. Saraev, L. Scheidt, P. Brands, J. Sly: APPEAR: ADVANCED PLATFORM FOR PRODUCT
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING. CARE Conference – November 2010; Vienna, Austria. •
C. Herrmann, A. Saraev, M. Held: TUTORIAL: Green Electronics – Pathway beyond Compliance Product Differentiation Today and Tomorrow. CARE Conference – November 2010; Vienna, Austria.
• C. Herrmann, P. Canepa: Guide for Product Carbon Footprints. How to calculate Product Carbon
Footprints PCF for Electronic Products: www.pe-international.comuploadsmediaPCF_for_Electronic_Products.pdf
. •
T. Higgs et al.: Review of LCA methods for ICT products and the impact of high purity and high-cost materials. This paper appears in: Sustainable Systems and Technology ISSST, 2010 IEEE International
Symposium on Sustainability.
• T. Joyce, T.A. Okrasinski, W. Schaeffer: Estimating the carbon footprint of telecommunications products:
a heuristic approach. ASME Journal of Mechanical Design – Special Issue on Sustainable Design, September 2010.
• T. Künniger, K. Richter: Life Cycle Analysis of utility poles. A Swiss case study:
www.uswag.org2002empa.pdf .
• J. Malmodin et al.: Life Cycle Assessment of Third Generation 3G Wireless Telecommunication
Systems at Ericsson: www.ecestudents.ul.iecourse_pagesbtech_esmoduleset4407Supplementary20Material9.ericss
on20LCA20paper.pdf .
• T. Okrasinski, J. Malian: A Framework for Estimating Life Cycle Eco-impact for Information and
Communications Technology Products. CARE Conference – November 2010; Vienna, Austria. •
Scharnhorst, Wolfram; Hilty, Lorenz M.; Jolliet, Olivier. Life cycle assessment of second generation 2G and third generation 3G mobile phone networks. Environment International 32 2006 656-675.
• M. Stutz et al.: Carbon Footprint of a Typical Business Laptop from Dell:
http:i.dell.comsitescontentcorporatecorp-commenDocumentsdell-laptop-carbon-footprint- whitepaper.pdf
. •
M. Stutz et al.: Carbon Footprint of a Typical Business Desktop from Dell: http:i.dell.comsitescontentcorporatecorp-commenDocumentsdell-desktop-carbon-footprint-
whitepaper.pdf .
• M. Stutz et al.: Carbon Footprint of a Typical Rack Server from Dell:
http:i.dell.comsitescontentcorporatecorp-commenDocumentsdell-server-carbon-footprint- whitepaper.pdf
. •
M. Stutz et al.: Carbon Footprint of the Dell Streak Tablet: http:i.dell.comsitescontentcorporatecorp-commenDocumentsdell-carbon-footprint-streak.pdf
. •
Winco K.C. Yung, H.K. Chan, Danny W.C. Wong et al.. Eco-redesign of a personal electronic product subject to the energy-using product directive. International Journal of Production Research.
http:dx.doi.org10.108000207543.2011.571941 .
• Winco K.C. Yung; H.K. Chan; Joey H.T. So et al. A life-cycle assessment for eco-redesign of a consumer
electronic product. Journal of Engineering Design 222 69-85, 2011.
