The table below describes the personality characteristics which differ between one and others by Christian in Astrology and Personality Testing
book written by Martin and Deidre Bobgan:
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Table 2.1 The Four Temperaments
Sanguine Choleric
Melancholic Phlegmatic
Cheerful Optimistic
Melancholy Calm
Friendly Active
Sensitive Dependable
Talk active Confidence
Analytical Efficient
Lively Strong-willed
Perfectionist Easy Going
Restless Quick to anger
Unsociable Passive
Self-centered Aggressive
Moody Stubborn
Undependable Inconsiderate
Rigid Lazy
Based on the table above it can be concluded that phlegmatic personality is also called as introvert person. He is talkative less than sanguine personality
because phlegmatic personality is passive. In characteristic, phlegmatic student likes to avoid the wrongness, and student who has this personality will be more
keep silent than try to speak. In other hand, sanguine personality or extrovert person is more active. In this case, the student with sanguine personality is
talkative more and he does not worry anymore about making a mistake in their speaking.
B. Speaking
1. The Definition of Speaking
Speaking is one of the language production skills used for communication. It is the most natural way to communicate. In communication people do not only to
respond to other people, but also to express their ideas, feeling, thought, etc. Thus, speaking is very significant to the quality of
people’s living processes and experiences. The ability to which people develops an efficient and effective
17
Martin and Deidre Bobgan, Astrology and Personality Testing, California, 1992, p. 9.
communicative is by the way to speak. Without speaking, people might be hard to socialize even it can be isolated from any kind of society.
The speaking is used actively by a person to communicate with others in order to express ideas, feeling, as well as opinion to achieve a particular goal.
Speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information.
In addition, Nunan defined speaking as “the ability to carry out a conversation
in the language.”
18
It can be said that in the conversation, people need special skill to take part in dialog. They need to know what language is appropriate and
understanding what the other speaker means to the topic that is discussing. As Littlewood said that “When we speak, we are constantly estimating the hearer’s
knowledge and assumptions, in order to select language that will be interpreted in accordance with our intended meaning.
”
19
Further h e explained that “…one factor
determining the speaker’s choice of language is the knowledge that he assumes the hearer to process. A further important factor is his interpretation of the social
situation in which communication is taking place: language carries not only function meaning, it also carries social
meaning”.
20
In relation to the statement above, Jo McDonough and Christopher Shaw satated
“Speaking is not the oral production of written language, but involves learners in the mastery of a wide range sub-skill which added together, consitute
an overall competence in the spoken language”.
21
It means that speaking is nor merely to transform written language by speaking it. Speaking involves the ability
to integrate sub-skill, such as grammar, vocabulary, and sound. In speaking, speaker needs to know how to produce a sound, the rules to produce an infinite
numbers of sentences, and to understand of what language is appropriate in certain situation. In fact that one skill can not be performed without others.
18
David Nunan, Language Teaching Methodology. A Textbook for Teachers, Edinburgh: Longman Pearson Education, 1998, p. 39.
19
William Littlewood, Communicative Language Teaching, an Introduction, Landon: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 3.
20
Ibid., p. 4.
21
Jo McDonough, and Christopher Shaw, Materials and Methods in ELT : A Teacher’s
Guide, Cambridge: Blackwell Publisher, 1993, p. 151.
