Table 3 The general pattern of monthly Precipitation in Kalimantan in mm
Jan Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun
Jul Aug
Sep Oct
Nov Dec
Min 60.62
6.46 28.70 34.89 14.40 23.46 0.00 0.00 26.48 39.57 67.26 76.58
2001 Mean 312.99 240.08 203.34 235.42 120.75 192.70 104.18 115.19 199.64 242.11 296.87 260.20 Max
909.80 629.68 620.03 624.07 411.91 461.07 366.12 532.63 554.19 607.85 692.10 703.77
Min 1.31 0.00 0.00 0.00
11.90 44.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
46.86 15.47
2002 Mean 251.42 136.93 193.20 158.08 158.55 210.07 81.80 130.08 125.57 153.17 293.87 211.62 Max
1131.90 714.34 601.09 406.66 365.66 591.09 375.36 452.29 622.73 439.16 746.24 542.41
Min 4.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.72 1.11 0.00 0.00 0.00
34.91 16.14 84.89
2003 Mean 293.20 207.89 214.25 192.17 179.12 158.86 166.07 141.54 171.30 275.31 258.85 347.18 Max
940.51 955.88 590.70 589.10 429.31 519.78 464.94 434.24 470.60 700.64 713.49 829.43
Min 0.00 0.11 0.29 0.00 35.25 9.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.36 24.71
2004 Mean 267.63 157.19 196.50 186.48 231.17 127.15 202.61 44.33 204.50 153.52 279.56 356.18 Max
1311.40 467.46 517.46 659.59 484.00 487.54 477.92 280.57 513.08 484.97 648.65 918.64
Min 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.00
17.25 4.49 10.96 0.03 0.66
55.05 78.17 48.92
2005 Mean 198.37 175.88 190.76 175.39 201.44 179.78 168.08 139.99 144.62 274.25 265.02 288.76 Max
715.15 720.43 613.71 621.53 501.48 729.06 503.67 503.85 418.68 564.64 602.90 729.46
Min 19.34 0.56 3.75
13.67 24.10
46.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.62 35.99
2006 Mean 235.77 266.64 171.98 213.01 224.75 251.71 102.22 124.25 182.15 129.44 187.76 318.17 Max
622.39 844.95 493.21 525.84 485.88 612.34 799.72 481.72 665.63 566.11 544.59 917.24
Min 91.52 0.00 2.99 6.06 25.62
47.57 1.22 0.15 0.15 51.17
62.06 60.21
2007 Mean 326.00 228.94 180.34 230.03 226.60 300.55 266.86 174.00 198.14 258.62 274.70 363.90 Max
805.74 644.23 617.45 633.31 789.07 703.80 656.57 462.25 474.56 643.33 713.17 864.15
Min 36.78 16.67 21.51 31.41 22.33 38.91 3.48 13.01 3.05 23.34 120.24 90.24
2008 Mean 224.41 263.50 305.85 231.25 179.95 231.40 238.94 227.71 227.90 327.73 325.10 354.97 Max
697.64 1010.10 919.09 645.08 486.35 477.18 617.37 541.30 553.68 712.78 678.55 967.70
Min 20.70 3.60
27.18 21.75
35.08 3.72 5.28 0.00 0.00 6.52 89.91 33.82
2009 Mean 376.20 244.48 238.76 237.98 160.21 128.21 143.32 134.39 107.91 249.38 340.38 299.37 Max
1246.10 816.32 528.75 699.50 373.09 443.84 730.99 415.61 411.63 864.66 878.04 674.35
Min 11.73
0.00 0.00 3.06 6.68 43.18 81.82 78.42 93.66 105.18 85.77 111.56
2010 Mean 284.53 183.28 205.40 244.91 246.18 277.59 331.85 277.72 321.88 312.20 307.16 316.26 Max
794.42 605.44 661.48 873.52 571.74 731.01 716.21 717.07 699.63 761.63 675.70 767.57
For the Mean, it varied from 44 mm which occurred in August 2004 to 376 mm in January 2009. As far as the Max is concerned, it was noticed that the maximal
amount was in January 2002, January 2009, and January 2004 with a value more than 1000 mm; whereas the minimal amount was in May 2004 with about 280
mm.
4.4 Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation FPAR
MODIS FPARLAI is the Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active radiation that a plant canopy absorbs for photosynthesis and growth in the 0.4 –
0.7nm spectral range. FPAR is expressed as a unitless fraction of the incoming
radiation received by the land surface. Leaf area index is the biomass equivalent of FPAR, and is also a dimensionless ratio m2m2 of leaf area covering a unit of
ground area. Both of these variables are computed daily at 1km from MODIS spectral reflectances for all vegetated land surface globally. The MOD15
FPARLAI is essential inputs for the MOD16 Evapotranspiration, and MOD17 vegetation gross primary productionnet primary production data products.
The downloaded MODIS FPAR produced globally over land at 1 km and 500 m resolutions and for 8-day compositing periods. MODIS FPAR provided
using Julian days. However, some data were missing, corrupted, or not available for download so we had to interpolate in order to obtain the full data.
The monthly average FPAR could be used to explain about growing season length during normal climate condition or during abnormal climate
condition. It measures the proportion of available radiation in the photosynthetically active wavelengths that are absorbed by a canopy.
FPAR
0.05 0.1
0.15 0.2
0.25 0.3
0.35 0.4
J an-
01 Ju
l- 1
J an-
02 Ju
l- 2
J an-
03 Ju
l- 3
J an-
04 Ju
l- 4
J an-
05 Ju
l- 5
J an-
06 Ju
l- 6
J an-
07 Ju
l- 7
J an-
08 Ju
l- 8
J an-
09 Ju
l- 9
J an-
10 Ju
l- 1
Time
FPAR
Figure 9 Time series of FPAR over Kalimantan from 2001 to 2010
Figure 9 indicates the variation of monthly mean of FPAR in Kalimantan from 2001 to 2010. It is apparent that the FPAR reached its highest amount 0.35
in June 2004 and June 2009; while the lowest amount was in October 2006 0.16. In general, Figure 9 shows that the monthly mean of FPAR peaked around
June and July of every year and after that a rapid fall was noticed. However, the each-year figure reveals that the value of FPAR is not really stable. It illustrates a
lot of variations: many rises and decreases but over the 10-year period, it is evident that the value of monthly average of FPAR was not generally less than
0.23 except for some cases where the amount was under 0.23 for instance in December 2003, October 2006, February 2008, and January 2009 with a value of
0.18, 0.16, 0.19, and 0.19 respectively. Table 4 gives information about the general pattern of monthly FPAR in
Kalimantan between 2001 and 2010. The maximal and minimal value of Min, Mean, and Max are shown in the table below:
Table 4 The general pattern of monthly FPAR in Kalimantan
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Min
-0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07
2001 Mean 0.25 0.23 0.31 0.30 0.35 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.26 0.29 0.23 0.29
Max
0.95 0.95 0.98 0.97 0.98 1.00 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.97 0.93 0.97
Min
-0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07
2002 Mean 0.24 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.33 0.31 0.34 0.32 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.29
Max 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.96
Min
-0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.06
2003 Mean
0.28 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.33 0.33 0.31 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.19
Max 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.99 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.93
Min -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07
2004 Mean
0.24 0.24 0.29 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.31 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.28 0.24
Max
0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.96
Min -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.06
2005 Mean 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.31 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.32 0.27 0.27 0.23
Max
0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.94 0.94
Min
-0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07
2006 Mean 0.22 0.27 0.30 0.29 0.33 0.31 0.34 0.32 0.26 0.17 0.26 0.24
Max 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.95
Min
-0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07
2007 Mean
0.24 0.28 0.31 0.31 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.31 0.26 0.25 0.24
Max 0.96 0.96 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.95
Min -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.06
2008 Mean
0.27 0.20 0.26 0.30 0.32 0.33 0.30 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.21
Max
0.98 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.99 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.97 0.93
Min -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07
2009 Mean 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.31 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.31 0.29 0.30 0.25 0.26
Max
0.95 0.96 0.98 0.99 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.95 0.96
Min
-0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07
2010 Mean 0.26 0.32 0.29 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.30 0.32 0.27 0.30 0.28 0.28
Max 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.94
Firstly, the highest and lowest values for the Min are below 0. Secondly, for the Mean, it varied between 0.16 in October 2006 and 0.35 in June 2004.
Finally, the highest amount of Max was 1 in June 2001; while the lowest amount was in December 2003 at about 0.93.
4.5 Net Primary Production NPP
