Spatial distribution of Enhanced Vegetation Index

b. Anomalies

AN -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.02 0.04 0.06 J a n- 01 Ju l- 1 J a n- 02 Ju l- 2 J a n- 03 Ju l- 3 J a n- 04 Ju l- 4 J a n- 05 Ju l- 5 J a n- 06 Ju l- 6 J a n- 07 Ju l- 7 J a n- 08 Ju l- 8 J a n- 09 Ju l- 9 J a n- 10 Ju l- 1 AN Figure 5 Time series of anomalies for EVI from 2001 to 2010 Figure 5 shows the anomalies for the EVI in Kalimantan from 2001 to 2010. It is clear that the values varied between -0.04 and 0.05 during this 10-year period. In October 2005, it reached its peak with a value of 0.05, whereas in October 2006, it had its lowest value at -0.04. For the other years, the variation was around -0.03 to 0.02. During the first 5 years, all values are positive except in September to December 2002, April 2003, and August 2004 to June 2005, where the variation of the anomalies showed a downward trend. Similarly a downward trend was also noticed over the last 5-year period. However, some of the values are above 0 in February to June 2006, January and May 2007, September 2007 to March 2008, August to December 2008, February and April 2009, and September to November 2010 before a rapid decline by the end of 2010 with a value of -0.03. Overall, Figure 5 indicates that there was a difference between the variations of the values of the anomalies of EVI from 2001 to 2005, and from 2006 to 2010.

4.1.2 Spatial distribution of Enhanced Vegetation Index

Enhanced Vegetation Index EVI data were obtained from the MODIS sensor. It corrects for some distortions in the reflected light caused by the particles in the air as well as the ground cover below the vegetation. The EVI data product also does not become saturated as easily as NDVI when viewing rainforests and other area of the Earth with large amounts of chlorophyll. The EVI data are designed to provide consistent, spatial and temporal comparisons of vegetation conditions, and it offers the potential for regional analysis and systematic and effective monitoring of the forest area. The EVI values were resulted from 10-year estimation. The values vary between -0.2 as minimum to 1 as maximum. The EVI values equal to or below zero were assumed to be typically caused by water bodies. The low EVI values were sparsely vegetated land meanwhile the high EVI values were densely vegetated land. Estimation of EVI values over Kalimantan terrestrial from 2001 to 2010 are shown in the Table 1. Table 1 The general pattern of monthly EVI in Kalimantan Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Min -0.19 -0.16 -0.17 -0.19 -0.18 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.20 -0.20 -0.19 -0.19 2001 Mean 0.51 0.52 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.50 Max 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.93 0.99 0.96 0.97 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.97 0.96 Min -0.19 -0.15 -0.19 -0.19 -0.16 -0.18 -0.20 -0.19 -0.18 -0.20 -0.19 -0.20 2002 Mean 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.49 0.49 Max 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.99 1.00 0.95 0.98 Min -0.20 -0.17 -0.17 -0.20 -0.17 -0.20 -0.20 -0.19 -0.19 -0.18 -0.20 -0.20 2003 Mean 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.50 0.51 0.51 Max 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.99 0.95 0.98 0.96 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 Min -0.18 -0.15 -0.16 -0.16 -0.19 -0.19 -0.13 -0.19 -0.18 -0.18 -0.20 -0.17 2004 Mean 0.51 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.49 Max 1.00 0.96 0.99 1.00 0.99 0.98 1.00 0.96 0.99 0.94 1.00 1.00 Min -0.20 -0.19 -0.17 -0.19 -0.18 -0.19 -0.15 -0.17 -0.14 -0.19 -0.18 -0.17 2005 Mean 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.55 0.53 0.52 Max 1.00 1.00 0.96 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 Min -0.17 -0.19 -0.19 -0.16 -0.13 -0.18 -0.16 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.17 2006 Mean 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.46 0.47 0.49 Max 0.98 0.99 0.94 0.95 0.98 0.99 0.94 0.97 0.97 1.00 0.99 1.00 Min -0.18 -0.17 -0.19 -0.18 -0.14 -0.15 -0.15 -0.18 -0.17 -0.19 -0.17 -0.18 2007 Mean 0.51 0.49 0.51 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.50 Max 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.97 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.98 1.00 Min -0.16 -0.17 -0.17 -0.19 -0.15 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.17 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 2008 Mean 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.51 Max 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.96 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 Min -0.19 -0.20 -0.16 -0.17 -0.19 -0.20 -0.20 -0.19 -0.20 -0.20 -0.18 -0.19 2009 Mean 0.50 0.52 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.49 0.46 0.48 0.49 Max 1.00 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.95 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 Min -0.18 -0.20 -0.19 -0.18 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.19 -0.19 -0.20 -0.19 -0.20 2010 Mean 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.50 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.47 Max 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.99 1.00 The Table 1 illustrates the general pattern of monthly EVI in Kalimantan. It is clear that the minimal value during the 10-year period for the Min was in July and September of 2001 and 2009 with a value of about -0.20; while the maximal value for the Min was in May and July 2004 with a value of about -0.12. The Mean had its highest value in October 2005 with about 0.55; and its lowest amount in October 2006 with 0.45. For the Max, the October 2005 proportion about 1 was the highest throughout the 10-year period; whereas the September 2007 with about 0.92 was the lowest. Figure 6 shows the spatial distribution of EVI over Kalimantan in 2001, 2005, 2006, and 2010. Mean EVI 2001 Mean EVI 2005 Mean EVI 2006 Mean EVI 2010 Figure 6 Yearly mean of EVI in the year 2001, 2005, 2006, and 2010

4.2 Temperature