AN ANALYSIS ON THE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN EDGAR ALLAN POEÂ’S POEMS
AN ANALYSIS ON THE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN EDGAR
ALLAN POE’S POEMS
THESIS
By:
EKA YUSRIANSYAH
09360222
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2014
AN ANALYSIS ON THE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN EDGAR
ALLAN POE’S POEMS
THESIS
By:
EKA YUSRIANSYAH
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2014
AN ANALYSIS ON THE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN EDGAR
ALLAN POE’S POEMS
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana
Degree in English Education
By:
EKA YUSRIANSYAH
09360222
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2014
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
Bersungguh-sungguhlah dan jangan bermalas-malasan dan jangan pula
lengah, karena penyesalan itu bagi orang yang bermalas-malasan.
“Hope is the thing with feathers that perches in the soul- and
sings the tunes without words- and never stops at all”
(Emily Dickinson)
“Kawula mung saderma, mobah-mosik kersaning Hyang
sukmo”
DEDICATION
I dedicated this thesis to:
My beloved father and mother,
My young sister and brother,
My sweaty dream,
And my friends.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah, all praise is to Allah, the Merciful and Charitable. Because of
his guidance, blessing and affection, the writer can finish this thesis. Also, may
sholawat and salutation always be given to the last messenger Muhammad SAW.
The writer would like to express his deepest gratitude to Drs. Munaz Fauzie
Anwar, M.Pd, as his first advisor and Khairudin, M.Pd, as his second advisor, for
their suggestions, invaluable guidance and advice during the consultation period, their
comments and corrections during the completion of this thesis.
The writer’s absolutely deserves to thank to his beloved father (Sudjatto), and
his mother (Anis Watin), his young sisters (Nurul and Lita), his young brothers (Oni
and Fahmi), and his grandmother (Rusmini) who extremely support the writer much
morally and materially until this thesis is finished.
In addition, he cannot forget to say gratitude to his sweaty dream, Farah
Maulidya, who is never feeling bored and tired to support and motivate the writer in
finishing this thesis.
And also, he would like to thank to Dr. Arif Budi Wurianto, M.Si and
Supriyadi, M.Pd, for their suggestions, motivations, and consultations during
finishing this thesis.
Finally, the writer would like to say gratitude to the following people:
1. All of my friends in English Department, especially for D class 2009 period
(Baim, Dadan, Guntur, Ulum, Eva, Andro, Putri, Yoana, Evi, and Ipung)
2. My friends in boarding house (Bowo, Eko, Herman, Gok Pol, Okin, Bogel,
Ulum, Rozik, Hulaimi, Arif, and Didin).
3.
My friends in UKM Komunitas Teater (Pak Meong, S.Sn, Bang Roni, Bang
Neo, Bang David, Don Miko, Koher, Irul, and Fida).
4. And my friends in LSO Teater KATAMATI (Bang Johan, Mbak Ratna, Mas
Faing, Codet, Vanggit, Burahen, Dimas, Haedar, Yaman, Nida, and Lastri)
Hopefully, Allah SWT always blesses them all and writes their kindness as
worship. Amin.
Malang, January 2014
Eka Yusriansyah
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL............................................................................................................
i
LEGALIZATION ...................................................................................................
ii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ...............................................................................
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................
iv
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................
1
1.1 Background of Study ............................................................................
1
1.2 Statement of Problem ............................................................................
5
1.3 Objective of Study.................................................................................
5
1.4 Significant of Study ..............................................................................
6
1.5 Scope and Limitation ............................................................................
6
1.6 Definition of Key Term .........................................................................
7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .......................................
8
2.1 Literature ...............................................................................................
8
2.1.1 Prose ..............................................................................................
9
2.1.2 Drama ............................................................................................ 10
2.1.3 Poetry ............................................................................................. 10
2.2 Language of Literature .......................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Denotation ..................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 Connotation ................................................................................... 12
2.3 Poem...................................................................................................... 12
2.3.1 Types of Poem ............................................................................... 13
2.3.1.1Narrative Poem ....................................................................... 13
2.3.1.1.1 Epic .............................................................................. 14
2.3.1.1.2 Ballad Stanza ............................................................... 14
2.3.1.2 Lyric Poem ............................................................................. 14
2.3.1.2.1 Elegy ............................................................................ 14
2.3.1.2.2 Ode ............................................................................... 15
2.3.1.2.3 Sonnet .......................................................................... 15
2.3.1.2.4 Haiku............................................................................ 15
2.3.1.2.5 Villanelle...................................................................... 16
2.3.1.3 Dramatic Poem ...................................................................... 16
2.3.2 The Element of Poem .................................................................... 16
2.3.2.1 Diction ................................................................................... 16
2.3.2.2 Imagery .................................................................................. 17
2.3.2.3 Rhyme .................................................................................... 17
2.3.2.4 Rhythm and Meter ................................................................. 18
2.3.2.5 Tone ....................................................................................... 19
2.3.2.6 Figurative Language .............................................................. 19
2.3.2.7 Theme .................................................................................... 19
2.4 Figurative Language .............................................................................. 20
2.4.1 The Kinds of Figurative Language ................................................ 21
2.4.1.1 Simile ..................................................................................... 21
2.4.1.2 Metaphor ................................................................................ 22
2.4.1.3 Pun ......................................................................................... 23
2.4.1.4 Synecdoche ............................................................................ 23
2.4.1.5 Metonymy .............................................................................. 24
2.4.1.6 Personification ....................................................................... 24
2.4.1.7 Apostrophe ............................................................................. 25
2.4.1.8 Hyperbole/Overstatement ...................................................... 25
2.4.1.9 Understatement ...................................................................... 26
2.4.1.10 Paradox ................................................................................ 26
2.4.1.11 Symbol ................................................................................. 27
2.4.1.12 Allegory ............................................................................... 27
2.4.1.13 Irony ..................................................................................... 27
2.4.2 Effectiveness of Figurative Language ........................................... 27
2.5 Edgar Allan Poe .................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................. 32
3.1 Research Design .................................................................................... 32
3.2 Approach ............................................................................................... 33
3.2.1 Mimetic Approach ......................................................................... 33
3.2.2. Pragmatic Approach ..................................................................... 33
3.2.3 Objective Approach ....................................................................... 34
3.2.4 Expressive Approach ..................................................................... 34
3.3 Research Object ..................................................................................... 34
3.4 Data Collection ...................................................................................... 35
3.5 Data Analysis ........................................................................................ 35
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ................................................... 37
4.1 Research Findings ................................................................................. 37
4.1.1 The Kinds of Figurative Language ................................................ 37
4.1.1.1 The kinds of figurative language used in the poem “The
City in the Sea” ................................................................. 37
4.1.1.2 The Kinds of Figurative Language used in the Poem The
Sleeper” ............................................................................. 40
4.1.1.3 The Kinds of Figurative Language used in the Poem
“Annabel Lee” .................................................................. 43
4.1.1.4 The Kinds of Figurative Language used in the Poem
“Ulalume” ......................................................................... 46
4.1.2 The Meaning of Figurative Language ........................................... 49
4.1.2.1 The meaning of Figurative Language used in the Poem
“The City in the Sea” ........................................................ 49
4.1.2.2 The Meaning of Figurative Language used in the Poem
“The Sleeper” ................................................................... 52
4.1.2.3 The Meaning of Figurative Language used in the Poem
“Annabel Lee” .................................................................. 54
4.1.2.4 The Meaning of Figurative Language used in the Poem
“Ulalume” ......................................................................... 57
4.2 Discussion ............................................................................................. 60
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................................ 63
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 63
5.2 Suggestions............................................................................................ 64
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abrams, M.H. 1999. A Glossary of Literary Term. Seventh Edition. US:
Learning, Inc.
Thomson
Abrams, M.H. 1953. The Mirror and the Lamp:Romantic Theory and the Critical
Tradition. USA: Oxford University Press, Inc.
Ary, Donald, Et. Al. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education. Eight Edition.
Canada: Wadsworth.
Aziz, Abdul. 2011. A Study of Figurative Language Used in James Blunt’s Song
Lyrics in “Back to Bedlam Album”. Unpublished Thesis. University of
Muhammadiyah Malang.
Bennet, Andrew and Nicholas Royle. 2004. Introducton to Literature, Criticism
and Theory. Third Edition. Great Britain: Perason Educated Limited.
Chandler, Daniel. 2002. Semiotics: The Basics. London: Routledge.
Culler, Jonathan. 1997. Literary Theory A Very Short Introduction. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Effendi, S. 2002. Bimbingan Apresiasi Puisi. Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya
Fisher, Benjamin F. 2008. The Cambridge Introduction to Edgar Allan Poe. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Keraf, Gorys. 2008. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Komposisi Lanjutan 1 Edisi yang
Diperbarui. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Macmillan, Literature Series. 1984. Appreciating Literature. New York:
Publishing Company.
Macmillan
Macmillan, Literature Series. 1987, Understanding Literature. California: Macmillan
Publishing Company. Mission Hills.
Magil, Frank N. 1980. American Literature Colonial Age to 1980. California: Salem
Press Inc.
Meyer, Michael. 1990. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Boston: 2nd
Edition Bedford Books of ST Martini’s Press.
Meyer, Jim. 1997. What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes. Work
Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota
Session 1997 Volume 41, Online. URL: http://www.und.nodak.edu/dept/
linguistics/wp/1997Meyer.htmCopyrigh © 1997 by Jim Meyer.
Perrine, Lawrence. 1963. Sound and Sense An Introduction to Poetry. USA:
Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.
Pradopo, Rachmat Djoko. 2010. Pengkajian Puisi. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada
University Press.
Puspitasari, Ellyana. 2005. An Analysis of the Messages of Edgar Allan Poe’s
Poems. Unpublished Thesis. University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Reaske, Christopher Russel. 1966. How to Analyze Poetry. New York: Monarch
Press.
Siswantoro. 2002. Apresiasi Puisi-puisi Sastra Inggris. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah
University Press.
Stern, Philip Van Doren. 1945. The Portable of Poe”. USA. Viking Penguins Inc.
Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. 1949. Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt,
Brace and Company.
Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren, 1977. Teori Kesusastraan. Terjemahan Melani
Budianta. 1993. Jakarta: PT Gramedia.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of study, statement of problems, purposes of
the study, significances of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of key
terms. Each section is presented consecutively in the following section.
1.1 Background of Study
It is not debatable that language and literature cannot be separated from each
other. Language is the basic raw material or medium, through which literature is
produced, whether they are novels, poetry, drama, and etc. In addition, language is
method of communication, while literature is the content that is communicated.
Literature involves the manipulation of language for creative purposes. Literature is
the thoughts, ideas, concepts, and imaginations which are expressed with the help of
language.Language is the fundamental of literature. It can be said that language
makes literature.
Language has been defined as the representative of thoughts, feelings, ideas,
and etc., which are represented in spoken and written form to interact with others.
While literature has been defined as the expression of thoughts, ideas, feelings, and
imaginations in the written form whose aesthetic value, beauty of language, and style
of presentation which used language as the medium. It is sometimes described as
someone’s personalities and experiences. This classification of literature can be
divided into three different classification; poetry, drama, and novel.
1
2
However, language used in creating literary works is not the same with the
everyday language which is used in daily conversation. Also, it is different from the
practical language or scientific language. Literary language is a beautiful language
which has an aesthetic value. The scientific and everyday language are denotative, it
means the literal meaning or essential meaning of word. On the other side, literary
language abounds in ambiguities and full of homonyms. In other word, it is highly
connotative. Connotative is extra-literal meaning and it exists apart from its literal
meaning.
It is supported by Bennet and Royle (2004: 77) that literary language is
sometimes defined in terms of its deviations from or distortions of ordinary language.
It means that literary language is not the same with ordinary language as used by
people in the everyday language. In addition, Bennet and Royle stated that literary
works are characterized by the use of figure of speech or figurative language in which
a word or expression is used in other than its literal meaning.
According to Hawkes in (Chandler, 2002: 124) figurative language is
language which doesn’t mean what it says. It contrasts to literal language which is at
least intended to be, or taken as, purely denotative. In addition, Reaske (1966: 33)
said that figurative language is language which employs various figures of speech.
Some examples are metaphor, simile, antithesis, hyperbole, and paradox.
Those explanations above clearly show that figurative language uses figure of
speech’s devices as a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of word
or saying something different from the ordinary meaning. Also, it provides more
effective means of saying what we mean than does direct statement due to some
3
reasons as stated by Pradopo (2010). It can create a special effect, makes imaginative
description in fresh ways, and makes writing more colorful and attractive.
Figurative language cannot be interpreted in literal sense. As the result,
translating it to different languages may cause misinterpretation. If it is translated
word-for-word onto different language, it will often be misunderstood. For example,
when Tennyson wrote that the eagle “clasps the crag with the crooked hands” (18091892). Tenyson used “Metaphor”, one kind of figurative language which is
substituted for or identified with literal term, for substituting the crooked hands for
claws.
One of literary work is poem. Poem is one of literary work which expresses
the feeling and thought of poet imaginatively through an artistic language. It is piece
of writing arrange in pattern of lines and of sounds, expressing some thought, feeling
or human experience in language full of imagination. Also, poetry is collection of
beautiful words in excellent structure (Carlyle in Pradopo, 2010: 6). In addition,
Perrine (1963: 3-4) stated that poem might be defined as the kinds of language that
says more and says it more intensely than does ordinary language.
Those definitions clearly tell that poem is the condensed and concentrated
form of literary work, saying most in fewest numbers of words. It is language whose
individual lines that contains a deep meaning and message in per-lines. Poetry can
create special emotional effect.
Poem is one of many literary works that uses figurative language mostly
rather than another literary work such as short stories, novels and dramas. As stated
previously that the figurative language is the way of saying something and meaning
4
another. Also, it involves risk misinterpretation. So, the reader of poetry must read the
poetry as well as possible in order to get the meanings and the messages of poetry
vividly.
Nowadays, almost all people prefer reading a novels and short stories or
watching drama performance to reading a poems. Poem is not as easy as prose and
short story to understand due to the use of language is totally different from the
language which is used by the common people in spoken or written. It is figurative
language which cannot be interpreted literally. So, the poem was not easy to
understand for common people. Only highly qualified and educated people could
enjoy the reading of poem. In addition, poem contains elements such as rhyme,
rhythm, meter, tone, and imagery which are well organized in a group of lines called
stanza.
Actually, the previous researchers have already conducted the study in the
same topic, such as Abdul Aziz (2011) A Study of Figurative Language Used in
James Blunt’s Song Lyrics in “Back to Bedlam Album”. He found five types of
figurative language used in James Blunt’s song lyric. Moreover, Dian Kurniasari
(2012) An Analysis of Figurative Language Used in Beauty Advertisement Found in
People Magazine. She found four types of figurative language appear in
advertisement. However, since three years ago, an analysis on the figurative language
used in the poetry is only in few numbers. It is only conducted by Nurul Hidayati
(2007) An Analysis of Figurative Language Used in the Poem of the Echoing Green
by William Blake. She found four types of figurative language used in the poem of
William Blake, they are, personification, symbol, simile, and antithesis.
5
Therefore, the writer is challenged to analyze the use of figurative language in
the poem. The writer analyzes Edgar Allan Poe’s poems as the object of research
because he wrote the poem exclusively with his inner beauty and personal tragedy.
He was one of the American romanticism poets who was well-known as the writer of
gothic genres and was one of the most celebrated of all American authors. Moreover,
he was the first well-known American writer who tried to earn a living through
writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.
In this thesis, the writer chooses the poems of Edgar Allan Poe which tells
about death. Death is the major topic of Edgar Allan Poe’s poem. The writer only
analyzes four poems they are: “The City in the Sea”, “The Sleeper”, “Annabel Lee”,
and “Ulalume”.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Based on the background of study, the writer formulates the statements of
problem as follows:
1.
What kinds of figurative languages are used in Edgar Allan Poe’spoems?
2.
What are the meanings of figurative languages used in Edgar Allan Poe’s poems?
1.3 Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study in this thesis are stated as follows:
1.
To identify the kinds of figurative languages used in Edgar Allan Poe’s poems.
2.
To interpret the meanings of figurative languages used in Edgar Allan Poe’s
poems.
6
1.4 Significant of the Study
The writer is concerned with the analysis on the figurative language used in
the poetry in which this thesis has two significances, both theoretically and
practically. It is expected that the result can be advantageous in the following ways:
1.
Theoretically
a.
This thesis can enrich the study in literature field, especially poetry, which
becomes a bibliographical resource to the next relevant type of research.
b.
This thesis can give better understanding in the analysis of figurative
language in literary works, especially in poem.
2.
Practically
a.
The research finding will be useful as an informative input for readers to
improve linguistic, especially on figurative language, and literature
knowledge especially on poem, by giving deeper understanding of both
knowledges for the readers in analyzing figurative language used in the
poem.
b.
After reading this thesis, people are expected to be more open-minded
toward literary works especially in the way language is used.
c.
Hopefully, this thesis inspires other writers to develop or to conduct other
study in the same scope with different subjects.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
Based on the objective of study above, the writer wants to make the limitation
of the study. The scope of this study focuses on the figurative language used in Edgar
7
Allan Poe’s poems. The limitation of this study focuses on the four poems about
death of Edgar Allan Poe they are “The City in the Sea”,” The Sleeper”, “Annabel
Lee”, and “Ulalume.”
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
To obtain a good understanding to this study, it is important to give definition
of key terms related to this study. The terms are as follows:
1.
Analysis.
Analysis is a process of examining, identifying, and understanding something in
detail in order to get deep understanding. Typically, it is for discussion or
interpretation.
2.
Figurative language.
Figurative language is type of language that deviate from the norms of literal
language or unusual used of language to say one thing in terms and meaning
another in order to give special effect.
3. Poem.
Poem is individual form of poetry in which imagery, figurative language,
rhythm, diction, rhyme, and sound combine to create special emotional effect. It
is usually arranged in lines and groups of lines which are known as stanza.
4.
Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe is one of American romanticism poet who is well-known as the
writer of gothic genre. He is the writer of the poems that are being investigated.
ALLAN POE’S POEMS
THESIS
By:
EKA YUSRIANSYAH
09360222
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2014
AN ANALYSIS ON THE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN EDGAR
ALLAN POE’S POEMS
THESIS
By:
EKA YUSRIANSYAH
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2014
AN ANALYSIS ON THE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN EDGAR
ALLAN POE’S POEMS
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana
Degree in English Education
By:
EKA YUSRIANSYAH
09360222
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2014
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
Bersungguh-sungguhlah dan jangan bermalas-malasan dan jangan pula
lengah, karena penyesalan itu bagi orang yang bermalas-malasan.
“Hope is the thing with feathers that perches in the soul- and
sings the tunes without words- and never stops at all”
(Emily Dickinson)
“Kawula mung saderma, mobah-mosik kersaning Hyang
sukmo”
DEDICATION
I dedicated this thesis to:
My beloved father and mother,
My young sister and brother,
My sweaty dream,
And my friends.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah, all praise is to Allah, the Merciful and Charitable. Because of
his guidance, blessing and affection, the writer can finish this thesis. Also, may
sholawat and salutation always be given to the last messenger Muhammad SAW.
The writer would like to express his deepest gratitude to Drs. Munaz Fauzie
Anwar, M.Pd, as his first advisor and Khairudin, M.Pd, as his second advisor, for
their suggestions, invaluable guidance and advice during the consultation period, their
comments and corrections during the completion of this thesis.
The writer’s absolutely deserves to thank to his beloved father (Sudjatto), and
his mother (Anis Watin), his young sisters (Nurul and Lita), his young brothers (Oni
and Fahmi), and his grandmother (Rusmini) who extremely support the writer much
morally and materially until this thesis is finished.
In addition, he cannot forget to say gratitude to his sweaty dream, Farah
Maulidya, who is never feeling bored and tired to support and motivate the writer in
finishing this thesis.
And also, he would like to thank to Dr. Arif Budi Wurianto, M.Si and
Supriyadi, M.Pd, for their suggestions, motivations, and consultations during
finishing this thesis.
Finally, the writer would like to say gratitude to the following people:
1. All of my friends in English Department, especially for D class 2009 period
(Baim, Dadan, Guntur, Ulum, Eva, Andro, Putri, Yoana, Evi, and Ipung)
2. My friends in boarding house (Bowo, Eko, Herman, Gok Pol, Okin, Bogel,
Ulum, Rozik, Hulaimi, Arif, and Didin).
3.
My friends in UKM Komunitas Teater (Pak Meong, S.Sn, Bang Roni, Bang
Neo, Bang David, Don Miko, Koher, Irul, and Fida).
4. And my friends in LSO Teater KATAMATI (Bang Johan, Mbak Ratna, Mas
Faing, Codet, Vanggit, Burahen, Dimas, Haedar, Yaman, Nida, and Lastri)
Hopefully, Allah SWT always blesses them all and writes their kindness as
worship. Amin.
Malang, January 2014
Eka Yusriansyah
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL............................................................................................................
i
LEGALIZATION ...................................................................................................
ii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ...............................................................................
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................
iv
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................
1
1.1 Background of Study ............................................................................
1
1.2 Statement of Problem ............................................................................
5
1.3 Objective of Study.................................................................................
5
1.4 Significant of Study ..............................................................................
6
1.5 Scope and Limitation ............................................................................
6
1.6 Definition of Key Term .........................................................................
7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .......................................
8
2.1 Literature ...............................................................................................
8
2.1.1 Prose ..............................................................................................
9
2.1.2 Drama ............................................................................................ 10
2.1.3 Poetry ............................................................................................. 10
2.2 Language of Literature .......................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Denotation ..................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 Connotation ................................................................................... 12
2.3 Poem...................................................................................................... 12
2.3.1 Types of Poem ............................................................................... 13
2.3.1.1Narrative Poem ....................................................................... 13
2.3.1.1.1 Epic .............................................................................. 14
2.3.1.1.2 Ballad Stanza ............................................................... 14
2.3.1.2 Lyric Poem ............................................................................. 14
2.3.1.2.1 Elegy ............................................................................ 14
2.3.1.2.2 Ode ............................................................................... 15
2.3.1.2.3 Sonnet .......................................................................... 15
2.3.1.2.4 Haiku............................................................................ 15
2.3.1.2.5 Villanelle...................................................................... 16
2.3.1.3 Dramatic Poem ...................................................................... 16
2.3.2 The Element of Poem .................................................................... 16
2.3.2.1 Diction ................................................................................... 16
2.3.2.2 Imagery .................................................................................. 17
2.3.2.3 Rhyme .................................................................................... 17
2.3.2.4 Rhythm and Meter ................................................................. 18
2.3.2.5 Tone ....................................................................................... 19
2.3.2.6 Figurative Language .............................................................. 19
2.3.2.7 Theme .................................................................................... 19
2.4 Figurative Language .............................................................................. 20
2.4.1 The Kinds of Figurative Language ................................................ 21
2.4.1.1 Simile ..................................................................................... 21
2.4.1.2 Metaphor ................................................................................ 22
2.4.1.3 Pun ......................................................................................... 23
2.4.1.4 Synecdoche ............................................................................ 23
2.4.1.5 Metonymy .............................................................................. 24
2.4.1.6 Personification ....................................................................... 24
2.4.1.7 Apostrophe ............................................................................. 25
2.4.1.8 Hyperbole/Overstatement ...................................................... 25
2.4.1.9 Understatement ...................................................................... 26
2.4.1.10 Paradox ................................................................................ 26
2.4.1.11 Symbol ................................................................................. 27
2.4.1.12 Allegory ............................................................................... 27
2.4.1.13 Irony ..................................................................................... 27
2.4.2 Effectiveness of Figurative Language ........................................... 27
2.5 Edgar Allan Poe .................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................. 32
3.1 Research Design .................................................................................... 32
3.2 Approach ............................................................................................... 33
3.2.1 Mimetic Approach ......................................................................... 33
3.2.2. Pragmatic Approach ..................................................................... 33
3.2.3 Objective Approach ....................................................................... 34
3.2.4 Expressive Approach ..................................................................... 34
3.3 Research Object ..................................................................................... 34
3.4 Data Collection ...................................................................................... 35
3.5 Data Analysis ........................................................................................ 35
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ................................................... 37
4.1 Research Findings ................................................................................. 37
4.1.1 The Kinds of Figurative Language ................................................ 37
4.1.1.1 The kinds of figurative language used in the poem “The
City in the Sea” ................................................................. 37
4.1.1.2 The Kinds of Figurative Language used in the Poem The
Sleeper” ............................................................................. 40
4.1.1.3 The Kinds of Figurative Language used in the Poem
“Annabel Lee” .................................................................. 43
4.1.1.4 The Kinds of Figurative Language used in the Poem
“Ulalume” ......................................................................... 46
4.1.2 The Meaning of Figurative Language ........................................... 49
4.1.2.1 The meaning of Figurative Language used in the Poem
“The City in the Sea” ........................................................ 49
4.1.2.2 The Meaning of Figurative Language used in the Poem
“The Sleeper” ................................................................... 52
4.1.2.3 The Meaning of Figurative Language used in the Poem
“Annabel Lee” .................................................................. 54
4.1.2.4 The Meaning of Figurative Language used in the Poem
“Ulalume” ......................................................................... 57
4.2 Discussion ............................................................................................. 60
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................................ 63
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 63
5.2 Suggestions............................................................................................ 64
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abrams, M.H. 1999. A Glossary of Literary Term. Seventh Edition. US:
Learning, Inc.
Thomson
Abrams, M.H. 1953. The Mirror and the Lamp:Romantic Theory and the Critical
Tradition. USA: Oxford University Press, Inc.
Ary, Donald, Et. Al. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education. Eight Edition.
Canada: Wadsworth.
Aziz, Abdul. 2011. A Study of Figurative Language Used in James Blunt’s Song
Lyrics in “Back to Bedlam Album”. Unpublished Thesis. University of
Muhammadiyah Malang.
Bennet, Andrew and Nicholas Royle. 2004. Introducton to Literature, Criticism
and Theory. Third Edition. Great Britain: Perason Educated Limited.
Chandler, Daniel. 2002. Semiotics: The Basics. London: Routledge.
Culler, Jonathan. 1997. Literary Theory A Very Short Introduction. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Effendi, S. 2002. Bimbingan Apresiasi Puisi. Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya
Fisher, Benjamin F. 2008. The Cambridge Introduction to Edgar Allan Poe. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Keraf, Gorys. 2008. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Komposisi Lanjutan 1 Edisi yang
Diperbarui. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Macmillan, Literature Series. 1984. Appreciating Literature. New York:
Publishing Company.
Macmillan
Macmillan, Literature Series. 1987, Understanding Literature. California: Macmillan
Publishing Company. Mission Hills.
Magil, Frank N. 1980. American Literature Colonial Age to 1980. California: Salem
Press Inc.
Meyer, Michael. 1990. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Boston: 2nd
Edition Bedford Books of ST Martini’s Press.
Meyer, Jim. 1997. What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes. Work
Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota
Session 1997 Volume 41, Online. URL: http://www.und.nodak.edu/dept/
linguistics/wp/1997Meyer.htmCopyrigh © 1997 by Jim Meyer.
Perrine, Lawrence. 1963. Sound and Sense An Introduction to Poetry. USA:
Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.
Pradopo, Rachmat Djoko. 2010. Pengkajian Puisi. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada
University Press.
Puspitasari, Ellyana. 2005. An Analysis of the Messages of Edgar Allan Poe’s
Poems. Unpublished Thesis. University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Reaske, Christopher Russel. 1966. How to Analyze Poetry. New York: Monarch
Press.
Siswantoro. 2002. Apresiasi Puisi-puisi Sastra Inggris. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah
University Press.
Stern, Philip Van Doren. 1945. The Portable of Poe”. USA. Viking Penguins Inc.
Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. 1949. Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt,
Brace and Company.
Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren, 1977. Teori Kesusastraan. Terjemahan Melani
Budianta. 1993. Jakarta: PT Gramedia.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of study, statement of problems, purposes of
the study, significances of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of key
terms. Each section is presented consecutively in the following section.
1.1 Background of Study
It is not debatable that language and literature cannot be separated from each
other. Language is the basic raw material or medium, through which literature is
produced, whether they are novels, poetry, drama, and etc. In addition, language is
method of communication, while literature is the content that is communicated.
Literature involves the manipulation of language for creative purposes. Literature is
the thoughts, ideas, concepts, and imaginations which are expressed with the help of
language.Language is the fundamental of literature. It can be said that language
makes literature.
Language has been defined as the representative of thoughts, feelings, ideas,
and etc., which are represented in spoken and written form to interact with others.
While literature has been defined as the expression of thoughts, ideas, feelings, and
imaginations in the written form whose aesthetic value, beauty of language, and style
of presentation which used language as the medium. It is sometimes described as
someone’s personalities and experiences. This classification of literature can be
divided into three different classification; poetry, drama, and novel.
1
2
However, language used in creating literary works is not the same with the
everyday language which is used in daily conversation. Also, it is different from the
practical language or scientific language. Literary language is a beautiful language
which has an aesthetic value. The scientific and everyday language are denotative, it
means the literal meaning or essential meaning of word. On the other side, literary
language abounds in ambiguities and full of homonyms. In other word, it is highly
connotative. Connotative is extra-literal meaning and it exists apart from its literal
meaning.
It is supported by Bennet and Royle (2004: 77) that literary language is
sometimes defined in terms of its deviations from or distortions of ordinary language.
It means that literary language is not the same with ordinary language as used by
people in the everyday language. In addition, Bennet and Royle stated that literary
works are characterized by the use of figure of speech or figurative language in which
a word or expression is used in other than its literal meaning.
According to Hawkes in (Chandler, 2002: 124) figurative language is
language which doesn’t mean what it says. It contrasts to literal language which is at
least intended to be, or taken as, purely denotative. In addition, Reaske (1966: 33)
said that figurative language is language which employs various figures of speech.
Some examples are metaphor, simile, antithesis, hyperbole, and paradox.
Those explanations above clearly show that figurative language uses figure of
speech’s devices as a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of word
or saying something different from the ordinary meaning. Also, it provides more
effective means of saying what we mean than does direct statement due to some
3
reasons as stated by Pradopo (2010). It can create a special effect, makes imaginative
description in fresh ways, and makes writing more colorful and attractive.
Figurative language cannot be interpreted in literal sense. As the result,
translating it to different languages may cause misinterpretation. If it is translated
word-for-word onto different language, it will often be misunderstood. For example,
when Tennyson wrote that the eagle “clasps the crag with the crooked hands” (18091892). Tenyson used “Metaphor”, one kind of figurative language which is
substituted for or identified with literal term, for substituting the crooked hands for
claws.
One of literary work is poem. Poem is one of literary work which expresses
the feeling and thought of poet imaginatively through an artistic language. It is piece
of writing arrange in pattern of lines and of sounds, expressing some thought, feeling
or human experience in language full of imagination. Also, poetry is collection of
beautiful words in excellent structure (Carlyle in Pradopo, 2010: 6). In addition,
Perrine (1963: 3-4) stated that poem might be defined as the kinds of language that
says more and says it more intensely than does ordinary language.
Those definitions clearly tell that poem is the condensed and concentrated
form of literary work, saying most in fewest numbers of words. It is language whose
individual lines that contains a deep meaning and message in per-lines. Poetry can
create special emotional effect.
Poem is one of many literary works that uses figurative language mostly
rather than another literary work such as short stories, novels and dramas. As stated
previously that the figurative language is the way of saying something and meaning
4
another. Also, it involves risk misinterpretation. So, the reader of poetry must read the
poetry as well as possible in order to get the meanings and the messages of poetry
vividly.
Nowadays, almost all people prefer reading a novels and short stories or
watching drama performance to reading a poems. Poem is not as easy as prose and
short story to understand due to the use of language is totally different from the
language which is used by the common people in spoken or written. It is figurative
language which cannot be interpreted literally. So, the poem was not easy to
understand for common people. Only highly qualified and educated people could
enjoy the reading of poem. In addition, poem contains elements such as rhyme,
rhythm, meter, tone, and imagery which are well organized in a group of lines called
stanza.
Actually, the previous researchers have already conducted the study in the
same topic, such as Abdul Aziz (2011) A Study of Figurative Language Used in
James Blunt’s Song Lyrics in “Back to Bedlam Album”. He found five types of
figurative language used in James Blunt’s song lyric. Moreover, Dian Kurniasari
(2012) An Analysis of Figurative Language Used in Beauty Advertisement Found in
People Magazine. She found four types of figurative language appear in
advertisement. However, since three years ago, an analysis on the figurative language
used in the poetry is only in few numbers. It is only conducted by Nurul Hidayati
(2007) An Analysis of Figurative Language Used in the Poem of the Echoing Green
by William Blake. She found four types of figurative language used in the poem of
William Blake, they are, personification, symbol, simile, and antithesis.
5
Therefore, the writer is challenged to analyze the use of figurative language in
the poem. The writer analyzes Edgar Allan Poe’s poems as the object of research
because he wrote the poem exclusively with his inner beauty and personal tragedy.
He was one of the American romanticism poets who was well-known as the writer of
gothic genres and was one of the most celebrated of all American authors. Moreover,
he was the first well-known American writer who tried to earn a living through
writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.
In this thesis, the writer chooses the poems of Edgar Allan Poe which tells
about death. Death is the major topic of Edgar Allan Poe’s poem. The writer only
analyzes four poems they are: “The City in the Sea”, “The Sleeper”, “Annabel Lee”,
and “Ulalume”.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Based on the background of study, the writer formulates the statements of
problem as follows:
1.
What kinds of figurative languages are used in Edgar Allan Poe’spoems?
2.
What are the meanings of figurative languages used in Edgar Allan Poe’s poems?
1.3 Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study in this thesis are stated as follows:
1.
To identify the kinds of figurative languages used in Edgar Allan Poe’s poems.
2.
To interpret the meanings of figurative languages used in Edgar Allan Poe’s
poems.
6
1.4 Significant of the Study
The writer is concerned with the analysis on the figurative language used in
the poetry in which this thesis has two significances, both theoretically and
practically. It is expected that the result can be advantageous in the following ways:
1.
Theoretically
a.
This thesis can enrich the study in literature field, especially poetry, which
becomes a bibliographical resource to the next relevant type of research.
b.
This thesis can give better understanding in the analysis of figurative
language in literary works, especially in poem.
2.
Practically
a.
The research finding will be useful as an informative input for readers to
improve linguistic, especially on figurative language, and literature
knowledge especially on poem, by giving deeper understanding of both
knowledges for the readers in analyzing figurative language used in the
poem.
b.
After reading this thesis, people are expected to be more open-minded
toward literary works especially in the way language is used.
c.
Hopefully, this thesis inspires other writers to develop or to conduct other
study in the same scope with different subjects.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
Based on the objective of study above, the writer wants to make the limitation
of the study. The scope of this study focuses on the figurative language used in Edgar
7
Allan Poe’s poems. The limitation of this study focuses on the four poems about
death of Edgar Allan Poe they are “The City in the Sea”,” The Sleeper”, “Annabel
Lee”, and “Ulalume.”
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
To obtain a good understanding to this study, it is important to give definition
of key terms related to this study. The terms are as follows:
1.
Analysis.
Analysis is a process of examining, identifying, and understanding something in
detail in order to get deep understanding. Typically, it is for discussion or
interpretation.
2.
Figurative language.
Figurative language is type of language that deviate from the norms of literal
language or unusual used of language to say one thing in terms and meaning
another in order to give special effect.
3. Poem.
Poem is individual form of poetry in which imagery, figurative language,
rhythm, diction, rhyme, and sound combine to create special emotional effect. It
is usually arranged in lines and groups of lines which are known as stanza.
4.
Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe is one of American romanticism poet who is well-known as the
writer of gothic genre. He is the writer of the poems that are being investigated.