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happens during the study in the activity. Field Notes are attached herein See Appendix E.
The observation which was done directly on site may not be complete and may lose some details depending on how much distracted the researcher on the meeting
hours. To avoid lost of significant events which may occur during the observational note taking, all meetings were tape-recorded. With this support, the researcher was
able to complete the details by interpreting the sounds and voice in the recording and add them to the existing notes.
3. Interview Guidelines
Open-ended interview helps the researcher to view more details which would function as data triangulation to the analyzed listening journal and the field notes.
The interview questions were generated on course, i.e. emergent, also to triangulate the data. Interview Transcript is attached herein See Appendix F.
4. Comprehension Test
There were ten sets of test and of progressive difficulty levels. The progress found in the tests’ results determines the states of participants’ listening capacity
relative to each other and to his or her previous state. Comprehension Test is attached herein See Appendix B.
E. Data Gathering Technique
Participants were facilitated with listening material for practice at home. At home, each participant could work on different materials at different pace. At the
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research site, participants were assigned the listening activity and asked to write in the listening journal every time the Participants finish working on a listening text.
The listening journal was submitted in the end of the corresponding day’s listening activity. The researcher wrote in the observation sheets at any opportunity during
learning process. In each meeting, the activity included the listening activity itself apart from the
pre-, and post-activity. In pre-activity, participants were told the title of the listening text. Then, participants were given some time to brainstorm on the title or topic.
After they were ready, participants were to listen to listening text; this was the whilst-activity. In the whilst-activity, participants also answered some
comprehension questions. After some time, depending on how many times the listening passages were informed to be played. They were to listen to the text again
and, afterwards, to finish answering the comprehension questions. This comprehension activity resulted in the numerical data representing their skill in
understanding the text. Later, as the post-activity, participants were given the opportunity to check together with the teacher the answers to the questions. Only
upon requests, the researcher let participants know their mistakes. Then, participants were to fill their listening journal. Enough time was given to participants to reflect
on the activity on that occasion, that was 30 to 45 minutes. This reflection sheets produced the listening journal with the thoughts of the participants. Researcher
encoded the listening journal, and compared it to the comprehension test result done previously in the comprehension activity. This was to see whether better reflection
means better comprehension or not, or any other significance necessary for the inquiry as to know the nature of the listening journal to participants’ learning
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autonomy and comprehension skill. This sequence was adapted from Goh’s Metacognition Instruction in Listening for Young Learners Goh Taib, 2006.
Every three to four reflection sheets were submitted, or every time significance was found, the researcher had the Participants interviewed. The result of the
interview, the transcription, helped to clarify information in Listening Journal and information concerning the participants, whenever necessary. Therefore, the
interview questions were generated periodically depending on the contents of the coded listening journals which were triangulated using the interview. Last interview
had no distinct manner over other previously done interviews as its goals were similar.
F. Data Analysis
This section presents the process of analyzing the data which includes Data Reduction, Data Display and Data Summary.
1. Data Reduction
This subsection presents the process of reducing the raw data from the field in order to make the data ready for further analysis. Not all data were reduced and not
all data were reduced in the same manner. Presented in this section is the process of data reduction by instruments which underwent process of reduction.
a. Data Reduction for Listening Journals
First of all, all entries in the reflection sheets were translated into English Language. After the translation was done, search for significance was made for each
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entry in the journal. Expected significances were the presence of Aspective Reflection and Strategic Reflection. Their natures are explained as follows:
1 Affective Data
Anytime the listening journals showed the feelings and attitude of the Participants towards what happened during their learning to listen sessions, marks
were given on the data. This could mean any expressions started with “Menurut saya, saya pikir, bagi saya, I feel, I think, I believe…” and the like.
2 Learning Strategy
Anytime the Participants recall how they could understand the text and organize the information of the listening texts, marks were given on the data to
signal that Participants were aware of their listening strategies. It would mean how they recall semantic, syntactic and other approach in understanding the text.
b. Data Reduction for Field Notes
At this point, the field notes were ready to be coded. The researcher was carefully searching for themes in the field notes. However, such themes were closely
related to important terms in this study. Such is the search for the existence of self- awareness, self-direction, self-monitor, self-assessment and self-management. The
finding of those qualities from events, activity and the like would help the researcher to conclude at which point a participant succeed to position his or herself in the
continuum of learning autonomy. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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c. Data Reduction for Interview Transcript
The recording of the interview was fully transcribed. The transcriptions also help the search for existence of self-awareness, self-direction and self-regulation on
the part of the participants. The reduced data was then used to triangulate findings from the listening journal and the field notes. As it has been explained earlier, the
importance of the interview was to seek confirmation and verification of the content of listening journals, whether or not the Participants understood what they had
written and elaborated in the journals.
2. Data Display
The Data are displayed under their instrument and significance and discussed individually, when matters, in the Data Analysis. Narrative field notes were
