3. Manchu Marriage System of Etiquette
McAleavy explained the etiquettes that Manchu has. “… Until the end of dynasty, despite virtual loss of their language, the Manchus retained enough of their
indigenous characteristics to create a social barrier between themselves and Chinese …”24.
McAleavy stated that in law, intermarriage between the two races was forbidden, though the practical effect of this prohibition must not be exaggerated. “
… It was never intended to apply to unions between members of the Chinese and Manchu banners: and probably its only result was to fortify Manchu families in their
reluctance to give their daughters in marriage to ordinary Chinese civilians …” 25. McAleavy added that Manchu men, apart from the imperial family itself,
were not all deterred by statue from taking Chinese concubines. “The emperors order that he should no beget a successor in whom an admixture of Chinese blood might
arouse inconvenient sympathies” 25. McAleavy said, “ … during the days of Manchu power, the Manchu
leaders were resolute in disapproving of the most quintessentially Chinese of all women’s adornments, namely the age-old habit of foot binding; and forbade the
practice to their own women” 24. Best also states that the Manchus prohibited Han Chinese from migrating to the Manchu homeland and forbid intermarriage.
4. Education for the Chinese girls under Japanese Government
In term of education, Chinese girls were educated by the Japanese Government.. In addition, Moise explained, “… The status of women rose; a small but increasing
proportion of them obtained formal education, and the custom of foot-binding began to decline 50”. It is seen that education is developing and the existence of old
custom is vanishing. Furthermore, Twitchett and Fairbank in Buck clearly reported, “Of the 87.000
persons surveyed …, 45.2 percent of the males and 2.2 percent of the females reported receiving some schooling. … 66 percent reported that the education they
received was in the traditional style 187”. From that report, it is clear that women in this era received a traditional style school which is still limited.
5. Women and Leadership in the Chinese Communist Movement, 1921-1945
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