2.2.2.18 Variation Technique Molina and Albir 2002:
510 state “Variation is to change linguistic or paralinguistic elements intonation, gestures that affect aspects of linguistic
variation: changes of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect, etc.”
The example of this technique is introducing or changing dialectal indicators for characters within a story. When someone is translating a novel into
theater for children, the translator should be able to adapt the novel within the theater, for instance by changing the tone from adult into the children
one. Tone itself is the way to express the feeling or convey the message in the story.
2.2.3 Definition of Song
According to Cambridge Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, song is a short piece of music with words which are sung. A song is a composition for voiced performed
by singing or alongside musical instruments. A choral or vocal song may be accompanied by musical instruments, or it may be unaccompanied, as in the case
of a capella songs. The lyrics words of songs are typically of a poetic, rhyming nature, though may be religious verses or free prose.
A song may be for a solo singer, a duet, trio, or larger ensemble involving more voices, although the term is generally not used for large vocal forms
including opera and oratorio. Songs with more than one voice in each part are considered choral works. Songs can be broadly divided into many different forms,
depending on the criteria used. Based on culture types, there are 3 kinds of song; art songs, folk songs and popular songs.
2.2.3.1 Art Songs Art songs are songs created for performance in their own right, usually
with piano accompaniment, although they can also have other types of accompaniment such as an orchestra or string quartet, and are always notated.
Generally they have an identified author and composer, they require voice training for acceptable performance.
2.2.3.2 Folk Songs Folk songs are songs of anonymous origin public domain that are
transmitted orally. They are frequently a major aspect of national or cultural identity. Folk songs are also transmitted non-orally that is, as sheet music,
especially in the modern era. Folk songs exist in almost every culture. 2.2.3.3 Popular Songs
Modern popular songs are typically distributed as recordings and are played on the radio, tv, and other mass media that have audio capabilities
are involved. Their relative popularity is inferred from commercially significant sales of recordings, rating of stations, networks that play them,
and ticket sales for concerts by the recording artists. A popular can become a modern folk song when members of the public who learn to sing it from
the recorded version teach their version to others. Songs that are popular
may be called pop songs for short, although pop songs instead be considered a more commercially popular genre of popular music.
2.2.4 Definition of Lyric
