In Kaina villages, Kaina Ke is reported to be the dominant language in many domains. There is limited use of Tok Pisin and English in domains where only Kaina Ke speakers are present, but Kaina Ke
remains the dominant language. The domains with most other languages used when only Kaina Ke speakers are present are arguing at home and sport with other languages used in all five villages, joking
and song composition with other languages used in four out of five villages, and praying in the home with other languages used in three out of five villages. For domains requiring communication with non-
Kaina Ke speakers, Tok Pisin is the language most commonly used. The use of Tok Pisin is more widespread in Kaina Ke than in Hunjara. Kaina Ke is the dominant language used in the communities.
8.1.2 Children’s language use
Children throughout Hunjara were reported to use Hunjara with their siblings, grandparents and parents. Children in Ombisusu were reported to very occasionally use Tok Pisin with their siblings. Otherwise
children are only reported to use Hunjara. Children in Hunjara are all reported to learn Hunjara before they learn any other language. In
Ombisusu and Sairope, children are reported to be able to speak as well as adults by the time they start school. Children in Sauni, Ilimo and Sirorata are said to still make occasional mistakes in how they speak
Hunjara when they reach school age. Children in Kaina Ke are reported to use Kaina Ke with their siblings, grandparents and parents.
Children in Perive are reported to also use Tok Pisin with their siblings. Children in Amada are reported to use a lot of Tok Pisin with their siblings, although still mostly Kaina Ke; they are also reported to use
some Tok Pisin with their parents and grandparents. All children in Kaina Ke are reported to learn Kaina Ke before they learn any other language.
Children in Amada and Kokoda are reported to speak Kaina Ke as well as adults by the time they start school. Children who are school age in Waju, Sengi and Perive are reported to make a few mistakes
when they speak Kaina Ke. Reported data say Hunjara-Kaina Ke is the dominant language among children. This suggests
language shift is unlikely to take place.
8.1.3 Adults’ language use
Young men and women, middle-aged men and women, and old men and women in Hunjara are reported to use Hunjara with everyone else in their village. The only ones reported to use a language
other than Hunjara were young men in Sauni, Ilimo and Ombisusu and young women in Ombisusu, who occasionally use Tok Pisin with their siblings, and middle-aged men in Ombisusu, who occasionally use
Tok Pisin with their children. These reported data indicate that Hunjara is dominant among adults in Hunjara villages and that language shift is unlikely.
All old people in Kaina Ke are reported to only speak Kaina Ke to other people in their villages. Middle-aged men and women in all villages apart from Amada were reported to only speak Kaina Ke to
other people in their villages. In Amada, middle-aged men and women were reported to use mostly Kaina Ke but also a little Tok Pisin and English with children, siblings and parents. Young people in all
villages were reported to use mostly Kaina Ke, although Kokoda was the only village where they were reported to use Kaina Ke exclusively. In Waju, Sengi and Perive, young people were reported to use some
Tok Pisin with their siblings. In Amada, young people were reported to use some Tok Pisin, English and Motu with their siblings, parents and grandparents.
These reported data indicate that Kaina Ke is the dominant language among adults in Kaina villages, although a little Tok Pisin is used among young people. Language shift is probably unlikely, but the
language is not as strong as in Hunjara.
8.1.4 Reported mixing
