rather do “odd jobs” around the village. However, in other villages there were students who had been through vocational school and had found work. Some are reported to be working in Popondetta, Port
Moresby and Lae. In Sairope it was reported that two students who had finished grade 6 and vocational school had work at a sawmill. The Sirorata elementary teacher said they can find work in Popondetta,
Port Moresby or Lae. Perive respondents said part of the vocational school training was practical work experience at the oil palm company, which had the potential to lead to employment.
4.5 Summary
There are a number of educated people in the Hunjara-Kaina Ke area, many from the younger generation. The biggest barrier to education seems to be school fees, and school attendance is relatively
low due to this and other factors. There are some who have finished grade 10 living in the villages, although people who have finished higher education tend to be living and working elsewhere. People
seem to value literacy and many of the literate people are literate in English. Parents want their children to learn English and are supportive of school policies that give punishments if children use other
languages in school, however they do also seem happy about elementary school and children learning the vernacular.
5 Facilities and economics
5.1 Supply needs
People from Hunjara-Kaina Ke may go to market at Sairope, Ombisusu, Papaki, Ilimo, Gorari, Kinea, Koma, Kokoda Station and on the Mamba Estate oil plantation. Kokoda Station also has a number of
larger, well-stocked trade stores. There are smaller trade stores or canteens in at least: Sairope, Ombisusu, Sirorata, Ilimo, Papaki, Sauni, Amada, Kokoda, Kebara, Sengi and Waju.
5.2 Medical needs
There are aid posts at Waju, Kebara, Kinea, Mamba, Sauni, Ilimo, Eiwo, Ajeka and Sairope. It has been reported that the aid posts at Waju, Sauni, Eiwo, Kebara, Ajeka and Sairope do not always have medicine
and, because of this, are not always open regularly. There is also a hospital at Kokoda Station, which is regularly open and has medicine.
5.3 Sources of income
Selling fruit, greens and other vegetables at various markets is the most common method of making money. There are also cash crops of cocoa, coffee and vanilla grown by some people. There are a number
of cocoa bean driers in some of the villages. Some men work as porters on the Kokoda trail. Many people in Hunjara-Kaina Ke have oil palm blocks.
6 Social sketch
6.1 Social cohesion
6.1.1 Cultural identity
Most Hunjara and Kaina cultural practices extend beyond linguistic boundaries. In all the villages it was reported that they make use of tapa cloth, which is also used in many other places throughout Oro
Province. However in some villages it was reported that the pattern or colour used in the tapa cloth may
be limited to an individual clan or area. In Sirorata, for example, it was reported that their symbol is a certain kind of snake, which only they use. In Ilimo it was reported that they have their own pattern and
symbol, the star, which they use for their tapa and other decorations. They reported it is taboo for other villages to use the same pattern and symbol in their tapas. However, it is not taboo to use the star which
is hunjara in Hunjara and Kaina Ke in other decorations.
The type or length of tapa may differ throughout the two speech varieties. In Sirorata, it was reported that they use a short tapa while other Hunjara villages use a long tapa. However, in Ilimo it was
reported that the same type of tapa is used from Binandere to Hunjara. One thing that differs between Hunjara and Kaina is the use of the grass skirt: it is only used in
Kaina and not in Hunjara. At a cultural show in Ilimo, the survey team observed that Kaina people also use tapa in addition to grass skirts. In Sauni it was explained that Kaina people formerly used only grass
skirts, but they later adopted the tapa, incorporating it into their traditional decorations and costume. It was reported that the men now wear tapa with one bit hanging down the front and one bit hanging
down the back and the women wear grass skirts and sometimes also wear tapa cloth. These traditional items of clothing are now only worn for singsings and events such as the cultural show.
Throughout Kaina it was reported that each clan has its own leaf, which they use as their sign. When they put their leaf on a stick or on the road, people will know that the clan is leaving a message or
marking a spot. In Sengi it was reported that all the clans within Kaina and Hunjara have their own leaf.
6.1.2 Leadership
