The Anglican Church liturgy is in English. Eiwo parish has purchased some copies of the liturgy in Orokaiva to translate into Hunjara. They would like to have two English and two Hunjara services per
month. In some churches, some parts of the sung liturgy have been translated by the musicians into the vernacular. Sirorata reported that Hunjara is used for the liturgy; people translate as they go from
English.
3.2.2 As observed
The survey team observed church services at St. David Church Eiwo, Papaki CMI, Waju CMI, Uriri Renewal Church
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and Waju New Apostolic church. They did not have the opportunity to observe an SDA meeting.
Eiwo Anglican Church, as reported, used English for most of the parts of the service that were written. Some parts of the liturgy were sung in Hunjara language. There were many songs in Hunjara,
one in Tok Pisin and one in Ewage. The sermon was in English and Hunjara. The survey team observed that the churches they visited had greater use of English and Tok Pisin
than reported. However, during interviews, many church leaders said that if the congregation included people who are not vernacular speakers, then more English and Tok Pisin would be used. Thus, the
team’s presence could have led to the greater use of English and Tok Pisin in the services. CMI churches Papaki and Waju made extensive use of English particularly with songs and often
mixed English, Tok Pisin and the vernacular when talking or preaching. They made use of chants in English. Some songs were in English but with a verse or more translated into the vernacular or another
language. It was impossible to tell what languages were used for prayer because everyone prayed out loud simultaneously. Waju New Apostolic Church used mainly Tok Pisin throughout the Sunday service.
Waju Renewal church used Tok Pisin for prayer and the sermon, with some use of the vernacular. The Bible was read in English. Many different languages were used for songs, mainly Tok Pisin, Kaina Ke and
English, but also one each in Ewage-Notu, Ese and Orokaiva.
3.3 Summary
Nearly all the churches in the area are led by native speakers of Hunjara-Kaina Ke. There is extensive use of the vernacular in the churches, particularly Anglican and CMI churches, except for Bible reading. The
only exceptions to this are three churches where some members of the congregation do not speak the vernacular because they have moved to the area for work, or because the congregation also includes the
neighbouring Biage language.
4 Education
To ascertain a language group’s capability to contribute to a language development program, the survey team sought to gain information in the area of education. In particular:
• What is the average level of education?
• Who in the communities has secondary level education? What are these people doing now?
• Do the communities value education?
• What is the literacy rate in the communities?
To this end, the team spoke to teachers or residents in each village asking about school attendance; how many people finshed grade 6, grade 8, grade 10, and beyond; general literacy levels; and attitudes
toward education. The team also sought to gather information on the existence of and attitudes towards vernacular education.
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Uriri Renewal Church is in Waju village.
4.1 History of schools in the area
There are eight communityprimary schools currently functioning in the Hunjara-Kaina area. The first schools in the area were those started by Anglican missionaries in the 1940s and 50s. Between 1998 and
2002, when education reform policy was introduced, many villages founded an elementary school. Some but not all of the community schools received ‘top-up’ grades 7 and 8. Under the reform system, a new
elementary school is normally built separately from the community school leaving classrooms available for grades 7 and 8. However, at some schools in the Hunjara-Kaina area, the grade 1 and 2 classrooms
are being used for elementary classes so new classrooms need to be built for grades 7 and 8. This may be a factor slowing down the introduction of top-up.
As part of the education reform, the government is encouraging schools to include the use of local languages in the classrooms for lower primary grades 3–5. Teachers in Ilimo and Sairope reported they
are implementing this policy.
4.2 School sites and sizes
