another person, society, environment, nature, the universe, God Koesnosoebroto, 1988:43.
From the quotation above, the external conflict is influenced by a person to person, society, environment, nature, the universe, and God. However, this paper
only uses the external conflicts that have been explained by Koesnosoebroto, there are:
a. Man-against-Man
This conflict involves a person opposing another person. In the novel, generally, the character has conflict toward another character. The possibilities
also exist that the character opposes other characters. b.
Man-against-Environment A person in this conflict has an opposing idea with the law of her
surroundings. The opposing ideas here could be ideology, law, and custom of people.
Meanwhile, the internal conflict which is applied is between man and himself. This conflict brings a person to struggle with his own idea. This conflict comes
with bad ideas. As human has conscience of ego, he will fight the bad impulse naturally.
2. Theory of Anxiety
Anxiety is a painful feeling when a person deals with reality, internal, and moral that may bring problems in her. Anxiety is triggered by the internal and
external impulses. Anxiety is a painful emotional experience which is produced by excitations in
the internal organs of the body. These excitations result from internal or external stimulation and are governed by the autonomic nervous system
Halls, 1954: 61.
In A Primer of Freudian Psychology, Halls 1979: 62 reviewed about the three types of anxiety which are reality anxiety, neurosis anxiety, and moral anxiety.
a. Reality Anxiety
Reality anxiety is the painful feeling occurred when external forces harm a person. The external forces can be from the perception of people or certain
experience that a person has. Hall states: Reality anxiety is a painful emotional experience resulting from a perception
of danger in the external world. A danger is any condition of the environment which threatens to harm a person. The perception of danger and the arousal of
anxiety may be innate in the sense that one inherits a tendency to become afraid in the presence of certain objects or environmental conditions or it may
be acquired during the person’s lifetime. For example, fear of darkness could be heredity because past generation of men were constantly being endangered
during the night before they had the means of making light or it can be learned because one is more likely to have fear-arousing experiences during
the night than during the day Hall, 1979: 63.
b. Neurotic Anxiety
The neurotic anxiety is a struggle that a person has discomfort feeling toward her mind. Hall 1979:65
explains, “Neurotic anxiety is aroused by a perception of danger from the instincts. Neurotic anxiety can be displayed in three different
forms, that is free floating type, phobia, and panic or near panic reaction.” c.
Moral anxiety Moral anxiety is a feeling of discomfort as the cause in opposing the norms of
society. According to Hall 1979: 69, moral anxiety occurs when a person rebels from what the superego or norms of society demands, at the same time that person
realizes of her fault.
3. Theory of Neurosis
