process van Leeuwen, 2008. Furthermore, van Leeuwen 2008 presents and exemplifies alternative grammatical configurations in the process of activation which
are ‗circumstantialization’ with
by
or
from
e.g., ―...a cold shoulder
from neighbours
and co-workers
‖, premodification e.g., ―
public
support‖ or postmodification e.g., ―the influx
of Asians
‖ of nominalization, and ‗possessivation’ e.g., ―
our
intake‖. Passivation occurs when they are represented as the ones who are
―undergoing‖ the activity. Contrasted with the activation, it is often realized as the Goal in material process, the Phenomenon in mental process, and the Carrier in
relational process. Despite the contrastive grammatical participants, van Leeuwen
2008 includes similar additional manners and examples of passivation which consist of ‗circumstantialization’ e.g., ―A racist backlash
against ethnic Asians
... and ‗possessivation’ e.g., ―my
teacher
‖. This strategy of role allocation is important to reallocate roles or rearrange the social relations between the participants which can
be different from the actual reality. A further distinction is necessary in the passivated role allocation. The social
actors can passivated into two roles: subjected or beneficialized. When they are treated as objects in the representation, they are being subjected. When there is a third
party which gains benefit from the action, either positively or negatively, they are treated as beneficiary.
2.7.3 PersonalizationImpersonalization
In this third category, the representations distinguish the social actors by means of their human-like characteristic van Leeuwen, 2008. The representations
which personalize the social actors are categorized into personalization because they
include the sense of ―human‖ feature. Hence, the typical manifestations of personalization are realized by personal or possessive pronouns, proper names, or
nouns van Leeuwen, 2008. On the contrary, impersonalization represents the social actors as inhuman
actors in a given action. It can be divided into two types of representation. If there is a certain quality that represents the actors, they are included into abstraction, e.g.,
―Many Australians...were ‗bewildered’ by
the changing face of Australia
van Leeuwen,
2008.‖ If there are references to a place or thing closely associated either with their person or with the action to represent them, they are included into
objectivation. In particular, objectivation realizes four types of metonymical reference. The
first one is spatialization in which the reference is the place with which they are closely associated in the given context, e.g., ―
Australia
was bringing in about 70.000 migrants a year van Leeuwen,
2008.‖ The utterances can also be a mean of reference in the representation which is put under utterance autonomization type, e.g.,
―This concern,
the report
noted, was reflected in
surveys
... van Leeuwen, 2008.‖
The third instalment occurs when the social actors are referred by means of the instrument with which they carry out the action. It is specified under the category of
instrumentalization, e.g., ―
A 120mm mortar shell
slammed into Sarajevo’s marketplace van Leeuwen,
2008.‖ The final instalment is somatization which represents the social actors by means of reference to a part of their body, e.g., ―She
put her hand o n Mary Kate’s
shoulder
van Leeuwen, 2008.‖
2.8 Related Studies
