9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher is going to provide basic information of the research relating to the subject matter. There are two major concerns presented in
this chapter. Those are research theoretical description and theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical description
In this study, the researcher uses some theories as the guideline. This section is divided into four parts. The first part is public speaking, which contains the
important elements in producing speaking accuracy. The second is grammar rules
and use, the third is contrastive analysis hypothesis and the last is non-contrastive
approach.
1. Public Speaking
In this study, the researcher will examine the function of accuracy more on the public speaking. Wilson, et.al. 1990 define public speaking or public speech
as a speech that occurs when persons assumes special communicative responsibilities to others
– whether the participants number few or many, whether the speaking is performed on a podium, an easy chair, or under a tree. In short, a
speech can be said as public speaking when somebody gives a speech and where there are listeners.
a. Important Elements in Producing Speaking Accuracy
The first element is confidence which is the majorly influenced by audiences. In public speaking if the speakers do not have confidence, they surely will not be
10 able to deliver their ideas fluently. If they do not have confidence, they will also
produce more errors compared with those who have confidence when speaking in public. In many cases of public speaking, the major distraction is the audiences.
The audiences usually wait the speakers to deliver their speech by staring continuously at them. Pittenger as stated by Carnegie 1905 also explains the
unpleasant atmosphere in front of the audiences: There is a strange sensation often experienced in the presence of an audience. It
may proceed from the gaze of the many eyes that turn upon the speaker, especially if he permits himself to steadily return that gaze. All researchers have
borne testimony to the power of a speakers eye in impressing an audience. This influence which we are now considering is the reverse of that picture
— the power their eyes may exert upon him, especially before he begins to speak.
—William Pittenger, Extempore Speech. As stated by Carnegie 1905.
The second important element which has relation with confidence is the concentration on delivering ideas. The speakers who do not have confidence may
not be able to concentrate their delivering ideas. This condition will trigger many distractions when they deliver their speech. One of the distractions can be from
the uncooperative audiences during the speech. Another distraction, which is also important, is when the speakers continuously think about the sentence followed
when they are talking. ―When they keep doing this, the possibility is they will
produce more errors or fillers ‖ Carnegie, 1905.
Carnegie 1905 advises that while speaking one sentence, it is better not to think of the sentence to follow. When the speakers can concentrate in delivering
their ideas and overcome the distractions, they will be able to perform a good speech with fewer errors.
11 Those two factors are important because they are the basic elements of public
speaking. Confidence and concentration help the speakers of public speaking to maintain
their language and their speech‘s content.
2. Grammar Rules and Use
Kategori