LABORATORY CHEMICAL SAFETY
LABORATORY CHEMICAL SAFETY
Ultraviolet (UV) light damages the human eye. Wear UV eye protection if viewing the sample with the light outside of a dark, enclosed box.
If comparator comes in contact with eyes or skin, flush thoroughly with water. QUANTI-CULT contains live microorganisms and should be used only by individuals
with bacteriological training. Properly disinfect any spills and sterilize all used containers according to appropriate regulations before disposal.
Calculations and Data Reporting
References
Refer to the MPN table provided with the American Public Health Association,
Quanti-Tray ® or Quanti-Tray/2000 to obtain American Water Works Association, and the Most Probable Number (MPN) of E. coli
Water Environment Federation. 1999. in the sample.
Standard Methods for the Examination of If the sample was diluted, multiply the result th Water and Wastewater (20 Edition). Section
by the appropriate dilution factor. 9223. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
If all the wells in the tray are positive, the results must be reported as >2,419 MPN/100 mL (Quanti-Tray/2000 ®) or >200 MPN/100 mL (Quanti-Tray ® ). Remaining sample, if it exists and has been stored at 4°C, may be diluted, prepared, and placed in the incubator within 30 hours of collection. If incubation begins more than 30 hours after sample collection, any results must be reported as estimates.
E.Coli protocols
15-5
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
Appendix A
O regon Salm on P lan M o nito ring F ram ew ork
T h e O P S W m on itorin g team h as developed th e
I. M anagem ent A ctions
follow in g m on itorin g fram ew ork to guide an d coordin ate m on itorin g efforts. T h e com pon en ts of
A re resource-m anagem ent activities b ein g th is fram ew ork are described below an d in T able
im p lem en ted in a cco rd a n ce with th e
A -1. M ost question s related to m on itorin g w ill
O re g o n P la n ?
address on e or m ore of th ese com pon en ts. Im plem en tation of th e plan an d in dividual
For m ore in form ation on th e O PSW m on itorin g lan d-use practices are m on itored an d team , please con tact K elly M oore w ith th e
reported in th is com pon en t.
G overn or’ s N atural R esource O ffice (541-757-4263 ext. 226).
II. M anagem ent E ffects
A re resource-m anagem ent activities
I. C ondition A ssessm ent
effective a t m eetin g th eir sp ecific o b jectives
a n d su p p o rtin g th e m issio n a n d g o a ls o f th e W h at are th e h istorical, curren t an d future
O re g o n P la n ?
desired con dition s in th e w atersh ed th at restoration activities an d ch an ges caused by
C on sisten cy of various m an agem en t restoration activities can be m easured
activities w ith th e goals of th e O regon Plan again st? an d th e effectiven ess of th ose activities in
H istorical, curren t an d desired future m eetin g th e plan ’ s goals are m on itored an d con dition are m on itored in th is com pon en t.
reported in th is com pon en t.
II. E cological and C ultural T rends
III.
R esearch
W hat are th e trends in th e productive W hat are th e cause and effect and/or
c a p a c ity a n d resilien ce o f O reg o n ’ s a q u a tic m e c h a n istic rela tio n sh ip s b e twe e n sa lm o n ,
e c o syste m s a n d sa lm o n id p o p u la tio n s? sa lm o n h a b ita t a n d reso u rc e m a n a g e m en t?
A n d , wh a t a re so m e im p ro v e d te c h n o lo g y M on itorin g th e tren ds of salm on
a n d m eth o d s th a t c a n b e a p p lied to a n swer population s an d aquatic ecosystem s over
th e questions?
tim e an d space an d in ferrin g h ow m uch of th ese tren ds are due to in direct m an agem en t
Issues better addressed w ith research are in fluen ces is reported in th is com pon en t.
reported in th is com pon en t as w ell as referen ces to guide m on itorin g activities an d in terpretation of results .
App. A – Oregon Salmon Plan
A-1
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
T able A -1. R evised conceptual fram ew ork and exam ple of how the sedim ent issue could be addressed w ith this fram ew ork.
C ondition
E cological &
M anagem ent
M anagem ent
R esearch T opics
A ssessm ent
C ultural T rends
A ctions
E ffects
M onitoring
H istorical
T urbidity/ percent R oad hazard
R educe delivery of S uspended sedim ent
Indicators
sedim ent sources fines in substrate survey/road
in road drainage and sinks
sedim ent to
m aintenance &
channels from
ditches and structures
reconstruction
roads.
M onitoring &
W hat have been
W hat is the
A re landow ners
A re the road
D o road-
R esearch
the sources of
annual trend and im plem enting the
im provem ent
im provem ent
Q uestions
sedim ent over the range in turbidity? road hazard survey? practices reducing practices reduce period of record
suspended sedim ent (air photos)?
W hat is the range
A re road
sedim ent delivery
of turbidity levels m aintenance &
to stream channels? loads in drainage
during storm
reconstruction
ditches that deliver to
events?
activities being
channels?
im plem ented properly?
C oordination and O versight Standards
A gency R esponsibility
App. A – Oregon Salmon Plan
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook Monitoring Framework
A-2
Appendix B
M o n ito ring T y pes
T h e appropriate m on itorin g design depen ds on th e position ed w h ere ch an gin g in fluen ces, like a n ew purpose for m on itorin g an d th e resources available to
upstream reservoir (w h ich can con trol tem perature by m on itor. It is im possible to m on itor everyth in g,
regulatin g flow s an d th e tem perature of w ater everyw h ere, all th e tim e, so experien ce an d judgm en t
releases), can be avoided or accoun ted for in th e m ust be used to select th e appropriate type an d
m on itorin g plan . M easurem en t m eth ods m ust also in ten sity of m on itorin g. Six gen eral m on itorin g
be “ repeatable” over th e m on itorin g period. types are useful for m on itorin g activities associated w ith th e O PSW : baseline, trend, im plem entation,
Im plem entation
effectiveness , com pliance, an d validation (Ice et al. T h is type of m on itorin g assesses w h eth er activities 1996) (Figure B -1). B ecause th e purpose of each of
w ere carried out as plan n ed. T h e m ost com m on th ese m on itorin g types is differen t, th eir
exam ple of th is m on itorin g is an assessm en t of B est requirem en ts are also differen t. T h e six m on itorin g
M an agem en t Practice (B M P) or forest practice rule types are described below .
im plem en tation . Im plem en tation m on itorin g of stream tem perature respon se m igh t focus on
B aseline
determ in in g w h eth er th e forest practice rules for
B aselin e m on itorin g is design ed to ch aracterize sh ade reten tion are bein g m et. existin g or un disturbed con dition s for com parison w ith oth er m on itorin g activities. T h is type of
E ffectiveness
m on itorin g can be useful as a startin g poin t for oth er
E ffectiven ess m on itorin g is used to determ in e m on itorin g efforts (especially tren d m on itorin g,
w h eth er properly im plem en ted con trol practices project m on itorin g, an d effectiven ess m on itorin g).
w ork. A n exam ple of th e effectiven ess m on itorin g is Sites for baselin e m on itorin g m ust be carefully
th e stream tem perature m on itorin g con ducted as part selected to in sure th ey are represen tative of th e
of th e A lsea W atersh ed Study to determ in e th e con dition s w ith w h ich th ey w ill be com pared.
effectiven ess of forest buffers in m in im izin g U pstream m on itorin g is often used to set th e baselin e
in creases in stream tem perature follow in g loggin g for tem perature ch an ges observed dow n stream .
(B row n 1970). T h e O D F (1994) protocols are
H ow ever, because m an y factors in fluen ce specifically design ed to develop in form ation to assess tem perature th rough a reach , before an d after
th e effectiven ess of th e forest practice rules for m on itorin g, or tem poral baselin e m on itorin g, can
riparian areas to m eet tem perature goals. Project greatly stren gth en in terpretation of results.
m onitoring looks at th e effectiven ess of a particular project an d th e com bin ation of m easures used to
T rend
protect w ater quality. E ffectiven ess m on itorin g T h is m on itorin g type requires developm en t of a
requires th at th e con dition s in fluen cin g perform an ce record over tim e (usually five years or m ore). Sites
be assessed an d th at con trol m easures be properly m ust be establish ed w h ich are “ stable” an d n ot
im plem en ted.
im pacted by an cillary factors. For exam ple, if th e purpose for m on itorin g is to determ in e th e lon g term tren d in stream tem perature w ith recovery of riparian sh ade follow in g a w ildfire, th en m on itorin g sites w ould n eed to be located dow n stream of th e w ildfire site. B ut m on itorin g sites w ould also n eed to be
App. B – Monitoring Types
B-1
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
C om pliance
an d stream tem perature sim ultan eously for a variety of con dition s to determ in e w h eth er th e curren t w ater
C om plian ce m on itorin g is a special type of quality stan dards provide appropriate protection an d effectiven ess m on itorin g to determ in e w h eth er w h eth er assum ed relation sh ips betw een fish an d specific perform an ce stan dards are m et. For stream
tem perature are valid.
tem perature, com plian ce m on itorin g w ould be design ed to determ in e w h eth er th e stream
C learly statin g th e purpose of a m on itorin g effort an d tem perature in crease follow s upstream m an agem en t developin g a sam plin g plan is im portan t in approach es or exceeds w ater-quality stan dards. T h e
an sw erin g question s about w h ere to locate th e location , frequen cy, an d m eth od of m easurem en t m on itorin g, w h at frequen cy an d h ow to m on itor, an d m ay be specified as part of th e stan dard.
h ow m an y m on itorin g sites are appropriate. T h e
V alidation
project coordin ator is directed also to th e E PA
V o lunteer M onito r’ s G u id e to Q u a lity A ssu ra n ce T h is type of m on itorin g is used to assess th e
P roject P lans (E PA 1996)
perform an ce of a m odel or stan dard. A validation study m igh t be design ed to m on itor fish population s
App. B – Monitoring Types
B-2
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
Wildfire area
Harvest area w/ buffer
Harvest area w/ buffer
End of fish presence
Irrigation area
Harvest area w/ buffer
Irrigation area
Wildfire area
F ig u re B -1 . S ch em a tic exa m p les of m on itorin g typ es a p p lied w ith in a su b -b a sin . (✰) in d ica te loca tion s of strea m temp eratu re mon itorin g. S p atial scale is an imp ortan t con sid eration in d etermin in g w h ich mon itorin g typ e w ill b est su it a mon itorin g ob jective. T h is d iagram is in ten d ed to b e as “ scale-less” as p ossib le so as to illu strate th e con cep ts b eh in d th e mon itorin g typ es. C arefu l con sid eration of mon itorin g ob jectives is critical b efore d irectly ap p lyin g figu re location s to a field situ ation . A = b aselin e mon itorin g for b asin ch aracteristics. B = tren d mon itorin g of recovery from w ild fire at tw o station s over 8 years. C = imp lemen tation mon itorin g to assess sh ad e reten tion on a recen t h arvest site. D = effectiven ess mon itorin g to d etermin e if a streamsid e b u ffer is effective in p rotectin g stream temp eratu re. E = comp lian ce mon itorin g to
d etermin e if field irrigation w ith d raw al an d retu rn flow are in creasin g stream temp eratu re ab ove th e state stan d ard . F = valid ation mon itorin g to test th e resp on se of fish to stream temp eratu re ch an ges. S tream temp eratu re an d fish p resen ce is measu red at each site in th e b asin .
App. B – Monitoring Types
B-3
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
A ppen dix C
W a tersh ed D a ta fo r In terp reta tio n o f T em p era tu re In fo rm a tio n
Inform ation about w atershed and site conditions
D etailed inform ation about physical riparian and m ay be needed to interpret the inform ation
w atershed m easurem ents can be obtained from collected. T he O D F T em perature guidelines
the Physical H abitat Team Report. A t a (O D F 1994) provide recom m endations for
m inim um , data on the shade characteristics at the docum enting stream and stand conditions.
site and im m ediately upstream and dow nstream
G uidelines include diagram m ing the site and of the site should be collected. T he stream segm ent; acquiring aerial photos;
recom m endation of the W ater-Q uality photographing stream segm ents; m easuring typical
M onitoring Protocol team , based on personal depths and w etted w idths; estim ating substrate
experience, is that the vegetation im m ediately at com position; m easuring the percent of the stream
the m onitoring site and at least 1,000 feet exposed to sunlight w ith densiom eter 12
upstream from the site should be characterized m easurem ents of canopy cover, and m aking a
by taking eleven m easurem ents at 100-foot general description of each stream (type of shade,
intervals. T hese m easures m ay then be averaged tributaries, m anagem ent history, etc.).
to obtain a general num eric description of the
C onfounding factors discussed in M onitoring Site stream segm ent influencing stream tem perature at Selection such as beaver ponds or presence of
the therm om eter location. springs need to be docum ented as they m ay influence interpretation of results. C ollecting inform ation about the property ow nership, a contact person, and any m anagem ent inform ation such as cropping, grazing, irrigation, tim ber harvesting, and site preparation w ill also be useful.
12 A densiometer is a convex mirror engraved with a cross-shaped grid of 24 quarter-inch squares. The mirror reflects trees and other objects above a stream or in a forest stand and is used to quantify shade or canopy closure. (Available from Forestry
Suppliers ~$100). App. C – Watershed Data for Interpretation
of Temperature Information
C-1
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
A ppen dix D
R oad H a za rd In ventory
B ack ground
R oad prism
T he m ost com m on sources of sedim ent in rural and
C ross section of roadw ay from the top of the forested areas are from unsurfaced roads.
excavated area (cut) to the toe of the fill. M onitoring source areas of sedim ent can identify
C utslope
inputs of sedim ent to the stream system that m ay Slope created by excavation into the natural need to be m itigated. Ideally this should be done on
hillslope. T he cutslope is steeper than the natural
a w atershed scale, because other sources of
slope.
sedim ent are also present in the w atershed. T his
Sidecast
protocol only addresses road-related sources of sedim ent.
U nconsolidated excavated m aterial pushed to the slope below the road. Sidecasts are generally not
E rosion associated w ith roads and ditches typically used as part of the road and are steeper than the includes both surface erosion and landslides. R oad
natural slope.
construction disturbs and com pacts soils and
Fillslope
prevents revegetation. T herefore, in the forested
E xcavated m aterial placed below the road and landscape, roads are the greatest potential source of
intended to serve as part of the road. sedim ent outside the stream channels. T his can
occur in the form of surface erosion or landsliding.
Inslope R oad surface that is sloped so that all w ater drains
Past m onitoring indicates three m ajor areas of tow ard the ditch or cutslope. concern for road-related erosion. O ne concern is
excess spacing of cross drainage on steep gradient
O utslope
roads. A nother is a side ditch routed over long R oad surface that is sloped so that all w ater drains distances w ith direct discharge into channels.
tow ard the fillslope or sidecast. Finally, road-related landslides are typically
B erm
associated w ith steep sidecast m aterial. T he three
A continuous pile of fill and/or aggregate, usually m ajor elem ents (T able D -1) of the road hazard
on the outside edge of a road w hich prevents inventory address these road concerns.
surface w ater from leaving the road.
T ab le D -1. E lemen ts of road h azard in ven tory
C ross drain culvert
A culvert installed under and across a road to carry
In ven tory E lem en ts
A rea of con cern
ditch w ater to the dow nslope side of a road..
W ash ou ts of crossin gs an d
Stream crossin g stru ctu res
fish p assage th rou gh cu lverts
Stream crossing culvert
A culvert installed in a stream channel intended to
Sidecast fill on steep slop es
Sidecast-related lan dslides en terin g ch an n els
carry stream flow under the road.
R oad su rface drain age system s
B ridge
M u ddy drain age w aters
A structure intended to carry vehicles over a stream
delivered to stream s
or other feature, usually consisting of a span and abutm ents.
In order to use this protocol, several term s need to
L og puncheon
be understood by m onitoring participants:
A drainage structure m ade of logs (often cedar) and no longer in com m on use.
F ord
V ehicle— a vehicle (pick-up or utility rig) is
A stream crossing w here stream flow covers the preferred for road access, although a m ountain crossing for all or part of the year.
bike can also be used w here access is poor. W aterbar
• T w o person crew — a single person can collect
A constructed ditch and berm designed to direct the necessary data, although a crew of tw o can w ater across the road.
be m ore effective. T he inventory person or
D ips crew can also be used to m ark culverts and to
A cross drainage structure w here a low spot is flag locations needing im m ediate m aintenance excavated along the profile of the road and w here
attention.
surface w ater of stream flow is directed across the
D istance M easuring Instrument (D M I) and H ip road.
C hain (String B ox)— a D M I or other device
G rade break that records vehicle travel distance in feet is L ocation w here the road grade reverses (typically
recom m ended to accurately record distances on a saddle or ridge) and surface w ater
w hile traveling along roads. Im passable roads autom atically drains aw ay from the road surface in
are m easured w ith a hip chain (string box). question.
C linometer— a clinometer is used to determine
D itch average road gradient and hillslope steepness. T rench constructed at the toe of a cutslope and
M ore accurate m easurem ent tools (engineer’s intended to keep w ater off the road surface. D itch
level) are required for any actual repair w ater is drained dow n slope along the road to som e
activity.
point of relief or cross drain. • Scaled rod or staff and a measuring (loggers) L anding
tape— lengths of culverts and bridges w ill be
A n area constructed for logging equipm ent and log m easured w ith these tools. handling operations. L andings m ay be at the end of
roads, or constructed as w ide spots in the road. • O D F stream classification maps— on U SG S
T hey are typically w ider than the rest of the logging
7.5 m inute quad m aps and/or other m aps road.
show ing roads and stream s are also needed. R idge R oad
G lobal Positioning System (G PS)— G PS may R idge roads are located on or near the ridgeline
be used to m ap road features. H ow ever, use of (m ost or all of the road on the top one-third of the
G PS to date has significantly slow ed data slope).
collection, and is not an essential com ponent of this protocol. G PS efficiency is poor in areas
M idslope R oad of narrow canyons or w hen the canopy is w et.
A road located betw een a ridge and stream channel
D ata L ogger— direct data entry into a field
V alley R oad data-logger as it is being collected can be very
A ny road w hich generally parallels a stream in
efficient.
places, usually in the form er riparian area of the stream .
C omputer System and Softw are— inventory inform ation should be entered into relational
databases. R elational databases are probably In order to successfully and efficiently collect road
E quipm ent N eeds
the m ost effective tool for m aking sense of data, the follow ing equipm ent is needed:
large am ounts of inform ation. C om m only available softw are can be used to query the database to find high erosion hazards or barriers to fish m igration.
App. D – Road Hazard Inventory
D-2
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
• drainage m easurem ents and take C ulvert/B ridge
G eographic Information System (G IS)— data and/or Stream C rossing D etails (described below ), can be entered into a G IS system w ithout G PS w hichever are applicable. R ecord observations of data using dynam ic segm entation. If G PS has general road characteristics (described in next
been used, the locations of features can be
section) for the entire road.
directly input to a G IS system .
G eneral R oad C haracteristics Site Selection
E ach road should be identified by nam e or num ber, T he road hazard inventory is designed to assess all according to the system norm ally used by the roads under a given ow nership or w ithin a given landow ner. G eneral characteristics are norm ally w atershed. T he protocol provides inform ation to collected only once for each road. T he follow ing help landow ners identify roads of concern and observations are used to classify each road and can prioritize repair activities. It does not provide all
be docum ented on a form such as in T able D -2: the inform ation necessary to im plem ent those
repairs. T im ely inspection and subsequent R o a d id e n tifica tio n by nam e, num bering system or m aintenance or repair activity on forest roads w ill
other m eans.
benefit fish and fish habitat. T herefore, inventories should eventually be conducted on all road m iles
R o a d u se by m anagem ent activity. that potentially affect fish habitat.
active roads: roads used for tim ber haul in the past year
Prioritizing site selection depends on the m onitoring question being asked. H ow ever, in general, road
inactive roads: include all other roads used inventories should first be conducted in areas w here
for m anagem ent since 1972; and roads pose higher risk to anadrom ous fish and their
orphaned roads: overgrow n roads or habitats. T his can be determ ined from :
railroad grades not used since 1972. • L andow ner know ledge
S u rfa c in g m a teria l • is described as asphalt, clean T opographic maps show ing:
rock (new quarry rock); old rock (m ore com m on); • stream crossings of fish bearing streams,
or dirt.
• midslope roads on steep slopes, and/or R o a d lo c a tio n is described as ridge, m idslope, or
• steep, long road grades leading to channel valley as the location of m ost of the road. crossing
W id th of the entire road is estim ated (from the L andow ners are encouraged to use this protocol for
outside edge to the base of the cutslope). road m anagem ent purposes other than erosion
hazard reduction. Possible uses include routine For ow nerships w here georegion, geology or soils m aintenance and surfacing decisions.
are variable and have a great influence on erosion, these classifications should also be docum ented.
R oad H azard Field M ethods
R ecord w hether the road is outsloped or has a
O verall M ethodology
d itch
B egin at a road junction or other landm ark. T ake R ecord the location of the road w ith respect to a m easurem ents described in the Surface D rainage
landm ark. T his m ay be done w ith the G PS unit or Section below . A s you travel along the road,
on a m ap.
m easure the distance (D M I or other device starting at 0), until encountering a drainage feature and or
Surface D rainage
stream crossing. T his is referred to as road
B etw een drainage features, inform ation is collected stationing. R ecord distance traveled, repeat surface on the erosion potential and sedim ent delivery
App. D – Road Hazard Inventory
D-3
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
D elivery
conditions betw een each drainage feature are
D elivery of sedim ent to stream s from that length of categorized to identify erosion problem s. T he road is described as “ yes,” “ possible,” “ no,” or follow ing observations and m easurem ents are m ade “ bypassed” (w ater flow s past the drainage feature to identify sym ptom s of high erosion on road
and not off of the road).
segm ents that best describe the condition of the entire segm ent:
R oad length draining to drainage. T he length of road draining to each drainage
R oad G rade feature can be calculated by use of several
R oad grade (slope) is m easured in percent, w ith an com m only available database or spreadsheet estim ated average w hen the slope changes. Slope is program s. For properly functioning outsloped roads recorded as positive if the direction is up from the there are no cross drainage features, only stream
m easuring point or feature, and negative w hen the
crossing features.
direction is dow n from the feature. A positive slope drains tow ard the feature, a negative slope drains
D rainage and Stream C rossings
aw ay from the feature.
D rainage data is collected at each drainage feature R oad Surface C ondition
w here collected drainage w ater is directed aw ay R oad surface condition is described as good, rutted,
from or under the roadw ay, and also at drainage berm ed, or eroded (gullied).
divides. D rainage features include: stream crossing
D itch culverts, bridges, log puncheons, fords, cross-drain
D itch is described by function as good (capable of culverts, w aterbars, dips, other relief, landings, and holding runoff w ithout serious erosion), cutting,
grade breaks. For each drainage feature, record the diverted, or full.
distance from road stationing and the type of feature so that drainage spacing can be determ ined.
C utslope L andow ners m ay also choose to locate features
C utslope is described as good (stable), ravel such as gates and w ater pum p chances. A typical
problem s, or slides into the road. length of road w ith drainage patterns and features is
show n in Figure D -1.
A. C ross-drain culvert, sedim ent filtered and not delivered to stream . B. C ross-drain culvert w ith sedim ent delivery from segm ent 2 to stream .
C. S tream -crossing culvert, sedim ent from road segm ents 3 and 4 delivered to stream . D. D rainage divide. E. C ross-drain culvert, possible sedim ent delivery to stream .
Figure D -1. T ypical road surface drainage and drainage features.
App. D – Road Hazard Inventory
D-4
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
C ulvert (and bridge) D etail
In let O pen in g In let open in g is estim ated as a percen t or origin al
T h e follow in g in form ation is collected for all
(design ) open in g.
culverts (stream crossin g an d cross drain ) an d bridges:
Stream C rossing D etail
D iam eter/Span Stream crossin gs are an extrem ely im portan t part of
D iam eter/span of th e culvert (diam eter for roun d, rise th e road system . Im properly fun ction in g stream
an d span for arch ) or span len gth (for bridge) is crossin gs can result in loss of th e roadw ay th rough m easured in in ch es (for culverts) an d feet (for w ash outs an d ch an n el diversion s. Stream crossin gs
bridges). can also be barriers to fish m ovem en t. A t each
C on dition crossin g structure, in form ation sh ould be collected by
C on dition of th e culvert is described as good; gettin g out of th e veh icle an d takin g m easurem en ts m ech an ical dam age, sedim en t blockage, rusted,
at th e in let en d an d n ear th e outlet en d of th e bottom out, collapse, an im al (beavers), w ood
structure. In addition to th e culvert detail, th e blockage, n atural bottom (gravel) [m ore th an on e
follow in g in form ation sh ould be collected at each description m ay be appropriate in th is category].
stream -crossin g culvert (Figure D -2).
Figure D -2. Stream -crossing culvert w ith key dim ensions.
Fish Presence
O utlet D rop
Fish presence (species, if know n, from O D F O utlet drop is the distance from the bottom of the classification m aps or other sources). C ategories pipe to the elevation of the pool, in feet (m easure
are: “ fish use” ; “ unknow n fish use” ; “ no fish use” ; countersunk outlets as negative drops). T his can or “ anadrom ous fish use” . vary w ith stream discharge, so m easurem ent should
D iversion Potential generally be taken during sum m er flow .
D iversion potential (for stream flow diverted onto
R esting Pool
the road surface and eroding the roadw ay or fill) is R esting Pool below the pipe is categorized for fish
categorized as “ high,” “ m edium ” or “ low .” use, or possible fish use stream s only as “ good” (at
C ulvert Slope least tw o feet deep and six feet long); “ fair” (at
C ulvert slope is m easured for “ fish use,” or least one foot deep and four feet long); or “ absent.” “ unknow n fish use” stream s only.
Sedim ent Filtering
Fill H eight Sedim ent filtering opportunities around the crossing Fill height is estim ated from the channel bottom to
are noted as “ utilized, “ “ not utilized,” or “ not the road surface at the dow nstream end.
available.”
App. D – Road Hazard Inventory
D-5
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
Fill D epth
Sidecast D etail
Fill depth at the outside edge of the road is S idecast-related landslides are reasonably expected
estim ated to the nearest foot as a vertical along particularly steep sections of road (T able D -
m easurem ent.
3) . D epending on georegion, geology, soil, and
D ow nslope R isk
drainage, the natural slopes (below the road) for a
D ow nslope risk to stream s is described by a steep section can be as gentle as 50% (in w et areas
qualitative rating of the slope to the nearest stream w ith w eak sidecast and drainage problem s). In channel: “ low ,” “ m oderate,” or “ high” based on areas w ith w ell-drained m aterials w ith uniform
the presence and size of benches or landings slopes and no or very lim ited signs of old slides, the betw een the site and the nearest channel. appropriate slope m ay be 65 or 70% . Sections of
road w hich have experienced past sidecast-related
Form s
landslides should also be inventoried. T he beginning and ending points used to
E xam ple data sheets suitable for relational characterize sidecast stability w ill be different than
databases are show n in T ables F-2 and F-3. O ne those used to characterize drainage. T herefore, a
data sheet has been designed for surface drainage separate database is used (T able D -3).
and stream crossings (T able D -2), and another data sheet for sidecast (T able D -3), since the beginning
B egin characterizing sidecast stability at the point and ending points of areas of sidecast rarely in the road w here steepness indicates a slope failure
coincide w ith drainage location. C odes for the data hazard exists. T his m ay be, and usually is, at som e
sheet are explained on the pages follow ing the data distance betw een drainage features. R ecord this
sheets. T he codes have been designed w ith one or station distance from the road junction or landm ark
tw o digits (underlined) to reduce the size of the using the sam e stationing m ethods as recording
code sheets
from drainage features. A lso record the ending point in the sam e m anner. T he follow ing features are then used to describe typical conditions over the steep sections:
A verage N atural Slope Steepness
A verage natural slope steepness under the sidecast (if present).
Indicators of M ovem ent Indicators of m ovem ent described as “ none,” “ cracks,” a “ drop in the outside of the prism ,” or “ signs of old sidecast slides.”
V egetation
V egetation on the sidecast is described as “ none,” “ cover (grass or brush),” “ reproduction (plantation),” or “ forest.”
Fill C ondition Fill condition is described as “ at least 15% steeper than the natural slope,” “ logs exposed,” or “ good.”
Table D-2. Field data sheet for surface drainage and stream crossing details and examples of collected data. In this example attention is required on the last entry because the culvert is partially blocked.
S urfacing: D irt, R ock, C lean rock R oad L ocation: R idge, M idslope, V alley _______________
R oad nam e/num ber ________________________________
R oad U se: A ctive, Inactive, O rphaned
D itch: yes/N o O utslope: Y es/no Inventoried by:____________________________________
A vg. W idth ______________________________________
D ate ____________________________________________
G eology/S oils _________________________ S tream C rossing D etail
S urface D rainage
C ulvert D etail
F ilter S lope D rop P ool S tation
F ea-ture A ttn.
G rade
D itch
C ut-slope S ur-face D eli-very
D iam/
M at
C ond- % open
O utlet
F ish
D iver
1686 DP N
10 G G G Y
2016 SC N
H 9 N 6 6 N 2026
F eature codes: S C = stream crossing culvert
C C = cross drain culvert
B R = bridge
JN = road junction
G B = grade break
P N = log puncheon
D R = any other ditch relief
I = features requiring im m ediate attention W B = w aterbar
D P = dip
L D = landing
P C = pum p chance
G = gate
App. D – Road Hazard Inventory
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook Version 2.0
D-7
T able D -3. F ield data sheets for sidecast details. E xam ple included.
R oad nam e/N um ber:____________________
D ate______________
Inventoried by_____________________
S idecast D etail
S tation S tart
S tation end % slope
M ovem ent
R em arks 3413
(ft) (ft)
B elow
Indicators.
V egetation
F ill condition
F ill depth
D ow nslope R isk
70 S
F C 2 H S tream has w ashed out road.
C odes:
C odes:
C odes
C odes:
C racks
N one
S teep 15
M oderate
S lide A ctivity
R eprod.
F orested
App. D – Road Hazard Inventory
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook Version 2.0
D-8
R oad D ata A nalysis
• Steep sidecast w ith h igh dow n slope risk; R oad data sh ould be an alyzed to determ in e w h ich
• Fish bearin g stream s w ith culverts th at h ave a roads, drain age system s, an d/or stream crossin gs:
> 0 foot outlet drop, gradien t over 1% an d are n ot • retain in g sedim en t or do n ot h ave baffles. are n ot fun ction in g properly,
• m ay be deliverin g sedim en t to fish -bearin g
C alculation s of th e road data can be don e w ith a stream s,
spreadsh eet or database to address th ese road • m ain ten an ce, sedim en t, an d fish -passage related
do n ot pass fish (calculated from th e data
con cern s.
collected, refer to O D F& W fish passage protocol),
R oad-related results can be com bin ed w ith turbidity • an d/or pose a risk to fish bearin g stream s (road-
an d ch an n el in form ation to un derstan d erosion an d related lan dslides).
sedim en t processes in your w atersh ed. It is im portan t to recogn ize th at a correlation betw een th e
A n um ber of in dicators for poten tial sedim en t th ree m easurem en ts m ay n ot reflect cause-an d-effect problem s m ay exist. E xam ples in clude:
relation sh ips. In gen eral such relation sh ips can on ly • be ach ieved w ith a properly design ed an d con trolled
A verage distan ce to first cross drain is over 500 study. H ow ever, over tim e th e data w ill be useful for
feet an d road grade is greater th an 6% ; un derstan din g en viron m en tal tren ds.
C ulverts th at are m ore th an 50% blocked; • L ogs in fills;
App. D – Road Hazard Inventory
D-9
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
A ppen dix E
S ed im en t D eposition
B ack ground
D escribing the relative proportions of particles at a given site (particle size distribution) provides an
S edim ent deposition occurs w hen the stream pow er index of the channel characteristics. If there are is insufficient to continue transporting sedim ent
changes in the am ount of sedim ent and the size of particles and sedim ent settles or falls out of
particles that are delivered to a stream reach, then suspension. W here and w hen sedim ent deposition
the substrate characteristics m ay change. A change occurs depends on the
in channel m orphology and hydraulics (for exam ple • placem ent of large w oody debris enhancem ent
size of the particle, projects) m ay result in a change in substrate even
• channel morphology and w ithout a change in sedim ent delivery. • stream flow characteristics.
A stream system can be subdivided into tra n sp o rta tio n reaches, transitional reaches and
d e p o sitio n a l reaches. In general, transportation (behind a big rock, in a deep pool) and the larger
D eposition takes place at both the sm aller site scale
reaches consist of steeper headw ater stream s w ith reach scale (low er channel gradient, m eandering
large substrate (boulders and cobbles) that is stable stream , reservoir).
during m ost flow s. Fine sedim ents delivered to these reaches from the adjacent hillsides and
Stream bed m aterial, referred to as channel stream banks are transported dow nstream during substrate, is com posed of a range of different sized
high flow s. C onversely, depositional reaches particles. For exam ple, som e stream reaches have
consist of larger, low er-gradient, valley bottom substrate com posed m ostly of bedrock w hile others
stream channels that have depositional features have a m ix of bedrock, cobble, sands, and gravels.
(point-bars, floodplains, m id-channel point bars) In general, sm aller particles are carried in
that consist of fine sedim ents such as fine gravel, suspension for the longest tim e.
silts and clays. and w idth of stream channels and adjacent riparian
T ra n sp o rta tio n a n d d e p o sitio n a l rea c h e s a re not zones (M acD onald et al. 1991). Increased id e a l a re a s to m o n ito r sed im en t d e p o sitio n . Past
sedim ent input m ay elevate suspended sedim ent studies have found that changes in sedim ent
concentrations and turbidity. Fine sedim ents fill deposition are difficult to detect in steep headw ater
intergravel spaces used by aquatic insects and stream s and low -gradient rivers. T ransitional
young fish. Pool frequency and depth m ay be reaches m ay be m ore responsive to changes in
dim inished and channel sinuosity and other channel sedim ent and hydrologic regim es than headw ater
characteristics can be appreciably changed. and valley-bottom stream s. T hese interm ediate size
stream s also provide im portant habitats for fish and T his protocol can be used to develop som e base- aquatic invertebrates.
line data on substrate characteristics. H ow ever, there are lim itations to w hat this protocol w ill
W atershed m anagem ent activities can affect reveal about a stream channel and potential w atershed processes by altering sedim ent delivery
im pacts. For exam ple, there can be significant to the stream netw ork. L arge inputs of fine
aggradation (an increase in the elevation of the sedim ent to the stream can degrade aquatic
stream bed due to sedim ent deposition) w ith no invertebrate and fish habitats and alter the structure
change in particle size distribution.
num ber of stream reaches to be sam pled. T he
T erm s
num ber and location of sam ple sites w ill ultim ately depend on the m onitoring objectives. For exam ple,
P article size distribution if a particular m anagem ent activity w ill be T he relative proportions of a range of different-
m onitored, a transitional reach upstream and sized particles. For exam ple a stream bed m ay be
dow nstream of that activity m ight be m onitored, com posed of 50% bedrock, 25% boulder, 10%
both before and after the activity. If an instream cobble, 10% gravel and 5% sand at one sam ple
restoration project is planned, m onitoring the point. T his is the particle size distribution at that
placem ent site before and after the placem ent for a channel location. T he particle size distribution can
few years w ill be necessary. If baseline or
be described for a site, reach, or basin. condition m onitoring is the goal, then it m ay be Substrate
necessary to random ly select m ultiple sections of
C hannel bed m aterial (i.e., bedrock, sand, gravel) the transitional reaches on a stream . If the focus is described in term s of its particle size distribution.
on spaw ning gravels or m acroinvertebrates, then sam ple reaches should be located near these sites.
H abitat unit O nce sam ple reaches are designated, substrate U sed to index fish habitat characteristics (see
m easurem ents and observations are taken at eleven O D F& W fish habitat inventory m ethods).
cross-sectional transects evenly spaced along the T ypically describes characteristics of pools, riffles,
sam ple reach.
and glides.
Selecting Sam ple R eaches
E quipm ent N eeds
T he pebble count and percent surface fine protocols presented here are m ost appropriate for transitional
T he follow ing m aterials are needed to im plem ent stream reaches (described in the background of this the field m ethods:
chapter). T hese transitional stream reaches often • have m oderate gradients of 2 to 6% , both erosion
T ape measure, 100 feet and depositional features, and a m ix of substrate
• W ading rod or surveyor’s rod
sizes.
• 20” x20” screen w ith one inch grids T hese m ethods are not appropriate for
C lear Plexiglas view ing tube im poundm ents, w etlands, or large stream reaches that are too deep to safely w ade. E ach m em ber of
D ata forms the sam pling team m ust decide if the stream is • safely w adeable by w eighing factors such as depth, Pencils w ater velocity, and footing. A stream reach m ay be •
C amera (optional) considered for sam pling if m ore than 50% of the sam ple reach can be w aded.
Site Selection
H ow m any sites per stream ? Stream R each
T he location and num ber of sites per stream W atershed characteristics such as drainage area,
depends on the objectives of the study, the type of landform , and stream gradient exert strong
im pacts, and the resources available. It is influences on the physical habitat of a stream .
im portant to sam ple enough sites to determ ine the T houghtful site selection and sam ple design
inherent variability w ithin and am ong different acknow ledge these relationships and m ay control
sites.
som e of the variability in the data and im prove the
W hen are sites sam pled?
sensitivity of the analysis. Ideally, sam pling w ill occur at or near low -flow U se the objectives and criteria described in C hapter conditions. Sam pling should not occur during or
3 Site Selection to determ ine the location and soon after events such as a storm -related high- 3 Site Selection to determ ine the location and soon after events such as a storm -related high-
C ontinue until the 11th and final transect is placed this tim e and sam pling results m ay be considerably
at the upstream end of the sam ple reach. Stay out different from sam ples collected during base flow
of the stream as m uch as possible during this tim e conditions. D uring high flow s finer sedim ent
to m inim ize disturbance of the substrate. T his is particles m ay be flushed from a coarse-bedded
especially im portant if w ater quality or stream bed and m onitoring results m ay indicate an
m acroinvertebrate sam ples w ill be collected in the even coarser stream bed surface than sam pling
sam e reach.
results collected during low er flow s (A dam s and
B eschta, 1980).
Pebble C ount M ethod
1. A t the dow nstream cross-section station, lay
Field M ethods
the surveyor's rod across the channel perpendicular to the flow , w ith the "zero" end
O verall M ethodology at the left bank (determ ined w hen facing
T he pebble count m ethod can be used to provide a dow nstream ). If the channel is too w ide for the representative estim ate of the stream bed particle rod, stretch the tape in the sam e m anner. size distribution (U SE PA R E M A P). Select the
sam ple reach using the criteria discussed above.
2. D ocum ent the w idth of the channel from w etted
E stablish eleven cross-sectional transects, evenly- bank to w etted bank. D ivide the w idth of the spaced and perpendicular to the active stream
channel by 4. T his corresponds w ith the channel. Substrate size w ill be m easured at five
distance increm ents betw een sam pling points. sites on each of 11 transects using a m odified
T he sedim ent sam pling points w ill be at the left pebble count m ethod (W ollm an 1954, B ain et al.
and right banks and at 1/4th, 1/2, and 3/4 1985, and Plafkin et al. 1989).
positions along the rod or tape. T he result is a
D im ensions of the Sam ple R each total of 5 m easurem ents at each transect. For O nce the transitional sam ple reach has been
exam ple, if the stream is 30 feet w ide, a established, the upstream and dow nstream
sedim ent m easurem ent should be taken every boundaries of the sam ple reach m ust be determ ined.
7.5 feet and at each bank. T he bank T he length of a sam ple reach is 40 tim es the low -
m easurem ents are taken just at the w ater’s flow channel w idth or a m inim um of 150 m eters.
edge.
M easure and record the w etted channel w idth of the
3. Place the m easuring stick upright at the first stream at three locations that typify the stream
sam pling point at the end of the tape, being channel. D o not include dam p stream m argins or
careful to stand dow nstream of the sam ple isolated pools in these m easurem ents. A verage
point. R ead and record the depth. Pick up the these three m easurem ents to determ ine the average
substrate particle directly at the base of the w etted w idth of the channel and m ultiply this
stick (unless it is too big or too sm all), and average by 40 to determ ine the length of the
visually estim ate its diam eter according to the channel to include w ithin the sam ple reach.
follow ing coded scale provided below . T o T ransects
m inim ize bias in this m ethod, it is im portant to
D ivide the sam ple reach into 10 equal segm ents. concentrate on correct placem ent of the
B eginning w ith the dow nstream end of the sam ple m easuring stick along the rod or tape. Place reach, establish the first of 11 transects (surveyor’s
the center of the stick perpendicular and flagging tied to vegetation m ay be useful for this
adjacent to the m easurem ent increm ent on the purpose provided it is rem oved once the sam pling is
outstretched tape or rod. Select the particle concluded). E ach transect is oriented across the
right at the bottom of the stick (not, for channel and is perpendicular to the longitudinal
exam ple, a m ore noticeable large particle that axis of the stream . C ontinue upstream follow ing
is just to the side of the stick). There is a the w etted edge of the stream and establish another
ten d en cy to a llo w th e ro d to slip d o w n th e fa ce transect a distance equal to 4 w etted w idths.
o f a ro u n d e d ro c k to a fla t su rfa c e . If th e ro d o f a ro u n d e d ro c k to a fla t su rfa c e . If th e ro d
G F = G ra vel p a rticle to m ea su re. (Fine): 2 to 16 m m ; (ladybug to R ecord the particle as one
m arble)
of the follow ing codes: (Sm ooth): > 4000 m m ; Sm ooth
SA = Sand : 0.06 to 2 m m ; (< ladybug size, but
B S = B ed ro ck visible as particles; gritty betw een fingers) surface rock or hardpan (bigger than a car)
B R = B ed ro c k R o u g h : > 4000 m m ; (bigger than
F N = F in e s : < 0.06 m m ; Silt C lay M uck; not gritty betw een fingers
a car) WD = Wood : R egardless of size
B L = B o u ld e rs : > 250 to 4000 m m ; (basketball to car size)
O T = O th er : M etal, tires, car bodies, etc. regardless of size (put in com m ents if
C B = C o b b le s : 64 to 250 m m ; (tennis ball to basketball)
“ others” ).
4. M ove successively to each of the rem aining
G C = G ra vel (C oarse): 16 to 64 m m ; (m arble four positions along the rod or tape, repeating to tennis ball) steps 3 and 4. R epeat the entire procedure at
each new transect.
T a b le E -1 . F ield form .
T ran sect N u m b er
D ep th at (5 p er each
C h an n el M ax
C h an n el
P article sam p le site tran sect)
H ab itat U n it T yp e
C h an n el W idth
D ep th
G radien t
(C ode) (ft) 1 .1
(p ool, riffle, or glide)
G lide
G lide
G lide
G lide
G lide
If a m id-channel bar splits the w etted channel, the five sam pling points shall be established as
A ncillary D ata
described above regardless of the bar. W hen analyzing data it w ill be useful to have the
C onsequently, sedim ent particles selected in som e
follow ing inform ation:
transects m ay be “ high and dry.” For dry channels, m ake cross section m easurem ents across the
C hannel w idth, maximum depth, and gradient unvegetated portion of the channel and w ithin the
at each transect
scoured banks. T able E -1 is an exam ple of a field
H abitat unit type at each transect data form at to use w hen recording data.
• • T ributary junctions w ithin the sample reach
C um ulative Frequency D istribution • B y graphing cum ulative percent, m onitors can
C ulverts that drain to the sample reach
Stream-side management activities (roads, determ ine w hat the dom inant substrate is of a harvesting, pasture, trail, etc.)
stream cross-section or reach. V alues often reported are the D 30, D 50, and D 75. T he D 50
D ata A nalysis
represents the m edian particle diam eter. For
A num ber of techniques are available to exam ple in Figure E -1 the D 50 is 6 millimeters characterize data findings. For in-depth relational
(m m ). T his m eans that 50% of the particles are analyses please contact one of the m entors listed in
less than 6 m m and 50% are greater than 6 m m . this m anual.
T he D 30 is important in terms of effects on fish and
C reate a table to sum the num ber of particles w ithin m acroinvertebrates. If 30% of the substrate is less each size class for the entire reach (T able E -2). than 2 m m in diam eter, there m ay be adverse
C alculate the percent of pebbles w ithin each size im pacts to fish and m acroinvertebrates. In Figure class and the cum ulative percent w ithin each size
E -1 the D 30 is 1 mm. T he D 75 represents the class. G raph each of these statistics on the sam e
chart (Figure E -1) using a log/norm al scale (x-axis dom inant substrate. In Figure E -1 the D 75 is
is log and y-axis is norm al).
approxim ately 230 m m .
T ab le E -2. E xamp le of sp read sh eet organ ization for F igu re E -1 calcu lation s. D ata rep resen t 11 tran sects of p eb b le cou n t d ata.
C u m u lative P article D iam eter
T otal n u m b er for 1 1 P ercen t of T otal
P ercen t
T otal = 5 5
T otal= 1 0 0
activities, channel gradient, channel w idth, channel Percent of T otal
depth, habitat unit type, and potential source areas T he distribution of particle sizes throughout a can be exam ined. A ssessm ents of w hether the transect or reach can be seen by plotting percent of
problem reaches have sedim ent sources that can be total. T his is valuable for determ ining if there is a m itigated m ay also be done. “ bi-m odal” distribution (tw o peaks in the curve).
T his is illustrated in Figure E -1. In this exam ple, although the D 70 w as 230 mm, most of the stream substrate is characterized betw een 2 and 12 m m .
Physical and M anagem ent R elationships O nce the sedim ent characteristics of a reach or w atershed have been analyzed, relationships betw een m anagem ent practices, restoration
App. E – Sediment Deposition
E- 5
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
R em em ber that w ithout proper study design, For exam ple, if instream fish restoration projects cause-and-effect relationships cannot be
are planned, this inform ation w ill provide good established. H ow ever, from a m onitoring
pre-treatm ent data. T he substrate characteristics perspective, valuable inform ation to help guide
prior to restoration can be com pared to substrate m anagem ent decisions can be created.
characteristics after the restoration activity. T he data can also help determ ine w here to place the instream structure.
Wolf Creek Reach 1
an
h 80
ess T tL Cummulative%
rcen
e 20
% Total
Particle Size
F ig u re E -1 . E xa m p le of g ra p h ica l d isp la y of d a ta for a rea ch of strea m .
Percent-Fines G rid M ethod
m ore tim e-consum ing than the pebble-count m ethodology but reduces the potential for bias.
O nce som e of the prelim inary analyses have been T he grid m ethod can be used to docum ent all
com pleted, problem areas or specific questions m ay particle sizes as in the above procedure. H ow ever,
be identified. For exam ple, a stream cross-section in the follow ing description w e focus strictly on the m ay have identified w here the substrate is percent of substrate m ade up of sands and fines. predom inantly fine m aterial. M onitors can revisit
these sites and im plem ent the grid m ethod described below to get m ore detailed inform ation.
Site selection T he grid m ethod can be im plem ented at the sam e
Percent Surface Fines: G rid M ethod
sam ple points or a subset of sam ple points used in T he grid m ethod can be used to address very
the pebble count. If a subset of sites it used, be specific objectives or to focus on a particular site
sure to spread them evenly throughout the 11 question w here m ore detailed data on percent fines
transects and alternate am ong the 5 site locations is needed. If sam pling for m acroinvertebrates, use
per transect.
the grid m ethod at the site w here the m acroinvertebrates sam ples are collected. It is
Sam pling T echnique
App. E – Sediment Deposition
E- 6
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
1. Place the 20” x20” grid flat on the stream bed intersections exist on the grid. N ote if the site surface and count the num ber of grid appeared to be a depositional area such as a
intersections that are directly above sand or pool or an erosional area such as a riffle. fine sedim ent particles (for these purposes fine
sedim ents are < 2m m in size, or sm aller than a
3. D ivide the total num ber of intersections ladybug or pea). U se the Plexiglas view ing
overlying sand and fine sedim ent by the total tube or other device such as a scuba m ask to
num ber of intersections surveyed. T his is an im prove view ing of the substrate by reducing
estim ate of the percent of the stream bed distortion and glare from the surface of
substrate that is occupied or covered by fine turbulent w ater.
sedim ents .
2. R ecord the total num ber of grid intersections that are above sand and fine sedim ent particles
App. E – Sediment Deposition
E- 7
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
A ppen dix F
M a cro in verteb ra te T axa L ist
S D IN T O L TOL SENS
A N N E L ID A
H IR U D IN E A 8 Y es O L IG O C H A E T A
Y es L u m b ricu lid ae
6 Y es
6 Y es
Y es POLYCHAETA
T u b ificid ae
"H yd racarin a"
CRUSTACEA C lad o cera
H yalella azteca
D ecap o d a
P acifastacu s
Iso p o d a 8 Y es O straco d a/P o d o co p a
IN S E C T A C o leo p tera
A m p h izo id ae
C h ryso m elid ae
D ryo p id ae
D ytiscid ae
5 Y es
E lm id ae
A m p u m ixis
A tractelm is
C lep telm is
4 Y es
D u b irap h ia
6 Y es
H eterlim n iu s
L ara
M icro cyllo ep u s
4 Y es
N arp u s
O p tio servu s
4 Y es
O rd o b revia
R h izelm is
S ten elm is
5 Y es
Z aitzevia
4 Y es
G yrin id ae
H alip lid ae
5 Y es
B rych iu s
5 Y es
H alip lu s
5 Y es
App. F – Macroinvertebrate Taxa List
F- 1
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
S D IN T O L TOL SENS
P elto d ytes
8 Y es
H yd raen id ae
H yd raen a
O ch th eb iu s
IN S E C T A C o leo p tera
(co n t.)
H yd ro p h ilid ae
L acco b iu s
P aracym u s
T ro p istern u s
N o terid ae
D icran o p selap h u s
4 Y es
E u b rian ax
4 Y es
4 Y es P tilo d actylid ae
P sep h en u s
S cirtid ae
S tap h ylin id ae
D ip tera
B rach ycera
A th ericid ae
4 Y es
A th erix
4 Y es
D o lich o p o d id ae
4 Y es
E m p id id ae
C h elifera
C lin o cera
H em ero d ro m ia
O reo geto n
M u scid ae
P eleco rh yn ch id ae
S cio m yzid ae
S tratio m yid ae
8 Y es
C alo p aryp h u s
8 Y es
E u p aryp h u s
M erco m yia
6 Y es
S ilviu s
6 Y es
6 Y es N em ato cera
T ab an u s
B lep h aricerid ae
0 Y es
A gath o n
B lep h aricera
C erato p o go n id ae
C erato p o go n in ae
App. F – Macroinvertebrate Taxa List
F- 2
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
S D IN T O L TOL SENS
IN S E C T A D ip tera
F o rcip o m yiin ae
N em ato cera
C h iro n o m id ae C h iro n o m in ae (co n t.)
P seu d o ch iro n o m in i
T an ytarsin i
D iam esin ae
O rth o clad iin ae
P o d o n o m in ae
P ro d iam esin ae
T an yp o d in ae
P en tan eu rin i
C u licid ae
8 Y es
D eu tero p h leb iid ae
0 Y es
D eu tero p h leb ia
0 Y es
D ixid ae
D ixa
D ixella
M erin go d ixa
P sych o d id ae
M aru in a
P erico m a
P tych o p terid ae
B ittaco m o rp h a
P tych o p tera
S im u liid ae
T an yd erid ae
1 Y es
T h au m aleid ae
T h au m alea
D icran o ta
H exato m a
P ed icia
6 Y es
R h ab d o m astix
E p h em ero p tera
A m eletid ae
A m eletu s
B aetid ae
A cen trella
B aetis
B aetis b icau d atu s
4 Y es
B aetis tricau d atu s
C allib aetis
9 Y es
App. F – Macroinvertebrate Taxa List
F- 3
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
S D IN T O L TOL SENS
IN S E C T A E p h em ero p tera
B aetid ae
(co n t.)
C en tro p tilu m
2 Y es
D actylo b aetis
D ip h eto r h agen i
F allceo n
E p h em erellid ae
A tten ella
C au d atella
1 Y es
D ru n ella
D ru n ella co lo rad en sis D ru n ella co lo rad en sis/flavilin ea D ru n ella d o d d si
0 Y es
D ru n ella flavilin ea D ru n ella gran d is D ru n ella p elo sa
0 Y es
D ru n ella sp in ifera
0 Y es
E p h em erella
E p h em erella au rivilli
E p h em erella in erm is/in freq u en s
E p h em erella m acu lata
S erratella
S erratella teresa
S erratella tib ialis
T im p an o ga
E p h em erid ae
E p h em era
E p h em era sim u lan s
H exagen ia
H exagen ia lim b ata
H ep tagen iid ae
E p eo ru s alb ertae
E p eo ru s d ecep tivu s
0 Y es
E p eo ru s gran d is
0 Y es
E p eo ru s Iro n o p sis E p eo ru s lo n gim an u s
H ep tagen ia
H ep tagen ia/N ixe/L eu cro cu ta
C h o ro terp es
P aralep to p h leb ia
P aralep to p h leb ia b ico rn u ta
P aralep to p h leb ia d eb ilis
P aralep to p h leb ia gregalis
App. F – Macroinvertebrate Taxa List
F- 4
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
S D IN T O L TOL SENS
IN S E C T A E p h em ero p tera (co n t.)
P aralep to p h leb ia tem p eralis
P o lym itarcyd ae
E p h o ro n
S ip h lo n u rid ae
P aram eletu s
7 Y es T rico ryth id ae
S ip h lo n u ru s
4 Y es
Y es H em ip tera
T rico ryth o d es
4 Y es
B elo sto m atid ae
B elo sto m a
L eth o ceru s
C o rixid ae
C allico rixa
C en o co rixa
C o risella
H esp ero co rixa
S igara
T rich o co rixa
G rap to co rixa
G errid ae
G erris
N au co rid ae
A m b rysu s
N o to n ectid ae
N o to n ecta
V eliid ae
M icro velia
R h ago velia
L ep id o p tera P yralid ae
5 Y es
5 Y es M egalo p tera
P etro p h ila
C o ryd alid ae
0 Y es S ialid ae
S ialis
A n iso p tera
C o rd u legastrid ae
C o rd u legaster
L ib ellu lid ae
9 Y es
S ym p etru m
10 Y es
App. F – Macroinvertebrate Taxa List
F- 5
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
S D IN T O L TOL SENS
IN S E C T A O d o n ata
(co n t.) Z ygo p tera
C o en agrio n id ae
9 Y es
A m p h iagrio n
9 Y es
A rgia
7 Y es
C o en agrio n
8 Y es
C o en agrio n /E n allagm a
8 Y es
E n allagm a/Isch n u ra
9 Y es
Z o n iagrio n
9 Y es
L estid ae
9 Y es
9 Y es P leco p tera
A rch ilestes
1 Y es L eu ctrid ae
P aracap n ia
0 Y es
D esp axia
0 Y es
L eu ctra
0 Y es
M o selia
0 Y es
P araleu ctra
0 Y es
P erlo m yia
0 Y es
0 Y es N em o u rid ae
M egaleu ctra
A m p h in em u ra
M alen ka
N em o u ra
1 Y es
O stro cerca
Z ap ad a cin ctip es
Z ap ad a co lu m b ian a
2 Y es
Z ap ad a frigid a
2 Y es
Z ap ad a O rego n en sis G r.
T aen io p terygid ae 2 Y es
T aen io p teryx
2 Y es
C h lo ro p erlid ae
A llo p erla
H ap lo p erla
0 Y es
N eavip erla
P lu m ip erla
S u w allia
S w eltsa
K ath ro p erla
0 Y es
0 Y es P elto p erlid ae
P arap erla
S ierrap erla
1 Y es
S o lip erla
1 Y es
Y o rap erla
1 Y es
Y o rap erla b revis
1 Y es
Y o rap erla m arian a
1 Y es
App. F – Macroinvertebrate Taxa List
F- 6
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
S D IN T O L TOL SENS
IN S E C T A P leco p tera
(co n t.) P erlid ae
C alin eu ria
D o ro n eu ria
1 Y es
H esp ero p erla
C laassen ia
P erlo d id ae
C ascad o p erla
2 Y es
Iso p erla
Iso p erla eb ria
Iso p erla fu lva
Iso p erla fu sca
Iso p erla m arm o rata
Iso p erla m o rm o n a
Iso p erla p eterso n i
C u ltu s
D iu ra
F riso n ia
Iso gen o id es
K o go tu s
M egarcys
2 Y es
O ro p erla
O so b en u s
P erlin o d es
P ictetiella
R ickera
S etven a
2 Y es
S kw ala
P tero n arcyid ae
P tero n arcella P tero n arcys
P tero n arcys califo rn ica
P tero n arcys d o rsata P tero n arcys p rin cep s
0 Y es T rich o p tera
H yd ro p sych id ae
A rcto p sych e
1 Y es
P arap sych e
P arap sych e alm o ta
P arap sych e elsis
1 Y es Y es
C h eu m ato p sych e
5 Y es
4 Y es P h ilo p o tam id ae
H yd ro p sych e
C h im arra
D o lo p h ilo d es
2 Y es Y es
3 Y es P o lycen tro p o d id ae
W o rm ald ia
N eu reclip sis
N yctio p h ylax
P o lycen tro p u s
P sych o m iid ae
P sych o m yia
A p atan iid ae
A p atan ia
1 Y es
App. F – Macroinvertebrate Taxa List
F- 7
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
S D IN T O L TOL SENS
IN S E C T A T rich o p tera
(co n t.)
B rach ycen trid ae
A m io cen tru s
B rach ycen tru s
M icrasem a
O ligo p lectru m
C alam o ceratid ae
H etero p lectro n
G o erid ae
G o eracea
0 Y es
H elico p sych id ae
3 Y es
3 Y es L ep id o sto m atid ae
H elico p sych e
L ep id o sto m a
L ep to cerid ae
C eraclea
M ystacid es
N ecto p sych e
3 Y es
O ecetis
8 Y es
6 Y es L im n ep h ilid ae
T riaen o d es
D ico sm o ecu s atrip es
1 Y es
D ico sm o ecu s gilvip es
E ccliso co sm o ecu s
0 Y es
E ccliso m yia
2 Y es
O n o co sm o ecu s
A syn arch u s
C h yran d a
H esp ero p h ylax
3 Y es
H o m o p h ylax
0 Y es
H yd ato p h ylax
L en arch u s
L im n ep h ilu s
3 Y es
P h ilo casca
0 Y es
P sych o glyp h a P seu d o sten o p h ylax
O d o n to cerid ae
N ero p h ilu s
P h rygan eid ae
P tilo sto m is
S erico sto m atid ae
G u m aga
U en o id ae
N eo p h ylax
N eo p h ylax o ccid en talis
N eo p h ylax rickeri
N eo p h ylax sp len d en s
O ligo p h leb o d es
S erico striata
App. F – Macroinvertebrate Taxa List
F- 8
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
S D IN T O L TOL SENS
IN S E C T A
T rich o p tera
(co n t.)
G lo sso so m atid ae
A gap etu s A n agap etu s
P ro to p tila
H yd ro p tilid ae
A graylea
A liso trich ia
H yd ro p tila
6 Y es
L eu co trich ia
6 Y es
N eo trich ia
4 Y es
O ch ro trich ia
4 Y es
O xyeth ira
3 Y es
S tacto b iella
P alaegap etu s
R h yaco p h ilid ae
H im alo p sych e
0 Y es
R h yaco p h ila
R h yaco p h ila A lb erta G r.
0 Y es
R h yaco p h ila A n gelita G r. R h yaco p h ila arn au d i R h yaco p h ila B etten i G r.
R h yaco p h ila b larin a
R h yaco p h ila B ru n n ea G r.
R h yaco p h ila C o lo rad en sis G r.
R h yaco p h ila gran d is
1 Y es
R h yaco p h ila G ran d is G r.
1 Y es
R h yaco p h ila H yalin ata G r.
R h yaco p h ila L ieftin cki G r.
R h yaco p h ila m alkin i
R h yaco p h ila n arvae
R h yaco p h ila N evad en sis G r.
R h yaco p h ila o reta
0 Y es
R h yaco p h ila O reta G r.
0 Y es
R h yaco p h ila p ellisa
R h yaco p h ila R o tu n d a G r.
0 Y es
R h yaco p h ila S ib irica G r. R h yaco p h ila V agrita G r.
0 Y es
R h yaco p h ila valu m a
R h yaco p h ila V erru la G r.
0 Y es
0 Y es MOLLUSCA G astro p o d a
R h yaco p h ila V o fixa G r.
A n cylid ae
6 Y es
F errissia
5 Y es L ym n aeid ae
F o ssaria
Y es P h ysid ae
S tagn ico la
P h ysella
8 Y es
Y es
App. F – Macroinvertebrate Taxa List
F- 9
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook
S D IN T O L TOL SENS
MOLLUSCA G astro p o d a
G yrau lu s
8 Y es
Y es
P lan o rb ella
Y es P leu ro cerid ae
V o rticifex
V alvatid ae
V alvata
P elecyp o d a
C o rb icu lid ae
Y es S p h aeriid ae
C o rb icu la
9 Y es
P isid iu m
4 Y es COELENTERATA
M argaritifera
H yd rid ae
5 Y es
5 Y es NEMATODA
P O R IF E R A S p o n gillid ae
B I = B io tic In d ex valu e. U sed fo r calcu latin g th e H B I (H ilsen h o f B io tic In d ex) S D T O L = S ed im en t T o leran t T axa S D IN T O L = S ed im en t In to leran t T axa T O L = T o leran t T axa S E N S = S ensitive T axa
App. F – Macroinvertebrate Taxa List
F- 10
Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook