Stream T em perature P rotocol

A s stream tem peratures in crease, th e am oun t of dissolved oxygen (D O ) 3 available to aquatic biota W ater tem perature is a key factor affectin g th e decreases. A s a result, even if food is abun dan t at grow th an d survival of all aquatic organ ism s. T h e

B ack ground

h igh er tem peratures, decreases in D O m ay effect of stream tem perature on fish , am ph ibian s,

m etabolically stress salm on ids, furth er in creasin g m acroin vertebrates, etc. varies betw een species th eir susceptibility to disease. an d w ith in th e life cycle of a given species

(A rm our 1991; B esch ta et al. 1987; B jorn n an d R eiser 1991; L an tz 1971; D E Q 1995). Preferred

W h en tem peratures reach stressful levels, pockets tem perature ran ges for m ajor fish species an d th eir

of cool w ater provide “ refugia” for fish an d particular life stages are sh ow n in T able 6-1.

am ph ibian species th at are sen sitive to h igh stream tem perature. C ool w ater refugia can sustain

In creases in stream tem perature cause an in crease population s of sen sitive species (Sedell et al. 1990). in an organ ism ’ s m etabolic rate (W arren 1971). If

C ool w ater h abitat can be sustain ed in deep pools, en ough food is available, grow th rates can actually

cold sprin gs, areas of groun dw ater in flow , an d at in crease w ith som e in crease in tem perature. For

th e jun ction of cooler tributary stream s. salm on ids, tem perature ran ges of 40-66° F support

h ealth y grow th . O utside th is tem perature ran ge, Stream tem perature h as been h eavily research ed salm on an d trout gen erally don ’ t grow in size, an d

an d m on itored (D E Q 1996; D issm eyer 1994). extrem e tem peratures can be leth al. R esearch h as

Studies h ave in vestigated th e effects of lan d foun d th at elevated stream tem peratures often

m an agem en t on stream tem perature, developed result in in creased com petition for a lim ited food

m odels to predict stream tem perature, an d supply, w ith youn g salm on ids forced in to h abitat

evaluated th e effects of elevated tem perature on areas w h ere th ey are easier prey (R eeves, E verest

aquatic biota. W h at follow s is a detailed an d H all 1987). A s food availability goes dow n ,

description of h ow to m on itor stream tem perature so does th e grow th rate. In addition , elevated

at m ultiple scales. P lease refer to previous stream tem peratures in crease th e risk of

c h a p te rs a n d A p p e n d ix B fo r in fo rm a tio n o n disease-related m ortality.

d e v e lo p in g a m o n ito rin g p la n , sele c tin g sites, a n d sto rin g d a ta .

3 The term "dissolved oxygen" (DO) refers to the amount of oxygen that is dissolved in water at a given temperature and atmospheric pressure. The amount of dissolved oxygen available in the stream is important for the respiratory and other metabolic functions of water borne organisms.

Stream Temperature Protocol

6-1

Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook

T able 6-1. O ptim um and lethal lim it tem perature ranges for coho, chinook, and bull trout.

P referred Juvenile

A dult m igration,

L ethal L im it C oho

F ish S pecies

D E Q S tandard

T em perature R ange

holding, or spaw ning

77° F C hinook

64° F

54-57° F

45-60° F

77° F B ull T rout

64° F

50-60° F

46-55° F

50 ° F

39-50° F

39-59° F

---------

M entors

M ech an ical th erm ograph s h ave been used successfully in w atersh ed studies. R eliability can be a problem for

A s w ith an y m on itorin g project, question s w ill com e som e m ech an ical th erm ograph s an d th e data n eeds to

up th at are n ot an sw ered or covered sufficien tly in th is

be tran sferred from th e in strum en t to a database. protocol. T h erefore, a group of m en tors th at are

agen cy experts in m on itorin g h ave been iden tified. T em perature data loggers are th e preferred T h ese m en tors m ay be con tacted w ith specific tem perature recorder for w atersh ed m on itorin g. question s about a particular m on itorin g effort. T h ese data loggers h ave tem perature recorders th at

can be set to record at regular in tervals (usually Statew ide D E Q V olun teer M on itorin g C oordin ator

h ourly). T h is allow s th em to capture th e sh ape of th e K aren W illiam s: (503) 229-5983 w ater tem perature over a day. Sh orter tim e in tervals

E -m ail: w illiam s.karen @ deq.state.or.us w ill m ore closely approxim ate th e m axim um for an y

N orth C oast day. T h ese types of in strum en ts con tin uously record L arry C aton (503)229-5983;

data for w eeks or even m on th s. T h is m akes it m ore

E -m ail: caton .larry@ deq.state.or.us likely to detect th e m axim um daily tem perature South C oast & W illam ette

durin g th e critical stream tem perature season . D ata

D en n is A des (503) 229-5983; loggers also sign ifican tly reduce th e w ork load of th e

E m ail: ades.den n is@ deq.state.or.us person or group con ductin g th e m on itorin g because data can be directly dow n loaded to a com puter

E astern O regon database. T h e cost of tem perature data loggers L arry M arxer (503) 229-5983;

con tin ues to declin e w h ile th eir reliability an d ease

E -m ail: m arxer.larry@ deq.state.or.us of use con tin ues to im prove. A list of m an ufacturers w h o sell tem perature recorders an d th eir ph on e n um bers is provided in T able 6-2.

E quipm ent

T able 6-2. T em perature recorder m anufacturers and their

T em perature R ecorders

telephone num bers.

T em perature recorders in clude m axim um /m in im um th erm om eters, m ech an ical th erm ograph s, an d digital

C om pany

T elephone

th erm ograph s or tem perature data loggers.

V em co

(902) 852-3047

O nset

(508) 759-9500

M ax/m in recordin g th erm om eters design ed for total

R yan

(206) 883-7926

im m ersion m ay be used, but require daily site visits durin g th e en tire sam plin g period. U se of m ax/m in

T em perature recorders m ust h ave a tem perature data is also lim ited because it lacks in form ation about

ran ge w h ich is appropriate for th e en viron m en t th at th e len gth of tim e w h en tem peratures w ere at or n ear

w ill be m on itored. W ater tem peratures do n ot vary th e m axim um . T h ey are th erefore n ot preferred in

as greatly as air tem peratures, but th ey can ch an ge m ost w atersh ed studies.

10 to 15º C over a 24-h our period. In strum en ts w ith

a m easurem en t ran ge of – 5º C to 35º C are suitable for m on itorin g all stream system s.

Stream Temperature Protocol

6-2

Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook

• T em perature recorders sh ould h ave a an accuracy of Portable com puter an d in terface as n eeded by th e tem perature recorder if dow n loadin g an d

approxim ately 0.3º C or better for L evel A quality data laun ch in g w ill be com pleted in th e field (See C h apter 4). T h is in form ation w ill be available

from th e m an ufacturer.

B ackup batteries an d tem perature recorders L isted below are several useful m aterials an d pieces of

• T im epiece

equipm en t th at sh ould be taken to th e field to in stall

• Field book

or service tem perature probes.

• W aders

• Securin g devices such as rebar, aircraft cables, locks, an d/or diver’ s w eigh ts

C am era an d film

• Surveyors m arkin g tape • M ach ete or oth er brush in g equipm en t • 2-poun d sledge h am m er

• M aps an d aerial ph otos

• W ire cutters or pocket kn ife • W ood or m etal stakes or spikes G lobal Position in g System D evice • T em perature recordin g equipm en t requirem en ts (silicon e rin gs, subm ersible cases, silicon e grease,

• First aid kit an d person al ID silica packets)

C alibration Vs. A ccuracy C heck

C hecking the tem perature logger against a know n tem perature is often referred to as “ calibrating” the instrum ent. T his is a m isnom er, how ever, since the tem perature readings of continuous tem perature loggers cannot be changed to agree w ith a know n standard (i.e., calibrated). T heir reading is sim ply checked against a know n tem perature, and any deviation from the know n tem perature is recorded. W e refer to this procedure as an accuracy check.

Stream Temperature Protocol

6-3

Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook

T able 6-3. E stim ated equipm ent costs.

P ossible S hared C osts N IS T ** therm om eter

E quipm ent

R equired C osts *

A udit therm om eter

C om puter (laptop if field dow nloads are planned)

W aders

R ebar, cables, tubing, etc.

S urveyors tape

$2 / unit

S ledge H am m er

W ire cutters

C am era and film

C om pass

*** G lobal P ositioning S ystem (G P S )

F ield notebook

W atch

B ackup batteries

$10/each

B ackup tem perature recorders $135/each

* R equired costs are those expenses each study w ill incur. A ctual total cost w ill depend on the num ber of study sites and tem perature logging units required. S hared costs are for item s used infrequently and could be shared betw een different groups or projects.

** N ational Institute of S tandards and T echnology *** A ccurate location of study sites on a m ap and latitude and longitude inform ation is necessary. A G P S unit is one sim ple w ay of collecting

this inform ation, but it can also be obtained from good m aps. A G P S unit is not required. E xcellent m ap location inform ation is also available on C D -R O M s for about $20.

E quipm ent C osts quality of the data being collected is n ecessary for any

E stim ates of equipm ent costs are based on 1997 prices m onitoring effort. T he follow ing procedures describe (T able 6-3). It m ay be possible to share som e

m ethods for docum enting the accuracy of the equipm ent w ith others doing sim ilar m onitoring or to

tem perature recorders before and after they are deployed receive funding from the D E Q H ealthy S tream s

in the field, and testing for proper function during the P artnership program for equipm ent.

sam pling period. T em perature recorders not properly tested m ay result in data show ing stream s cooler or

E quipm ent Set-U p

w arm er than actual tem peratures.

H ardw are and S oftw are C hecks P re- and P ost-deploym ent A ccuracy C hecks P rior to going to the field, m ake sure the operator is

fam iliar w ith the softw are for the com puter and data T he accuracy of tem perature recorders needs to be tested logger. T he clock on the com puter should be

before and after field deploym ent to insure that they are synchronized w ith the user’ s w atch. K now ing the

operating w ithin their designed range of accuracy.

Stream Temperature Protocol

6-4

Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook

M onitoring equipm ent w ith detachable sensors should

3. U se accom panying softw are and a laptop com puter

be m arked in order to m atch sensors w ith tem perature to set the recorders to a 1-m inute tim e interval. recorders. T his allow s an instrum ent and sensor to be

consistently tested together, and also m akes

4. M ost tem perature probes can be placed directly into m alfunctions easier to diagnose and correct. A logbook

the w aterbath. If the tem perature recorders are is helpful to docum ent each unit’ s accuracy, check dates

either internal or external sensor H O B O s, place the tem perature recorders w ithout their cases into a

and test results. (A n exam ple of a tem perature audit form is show n in T able 6-4.)

plastic pint-size Z iplock® bag. P lace this bag inside a gallon-size plastic bag along w ith the sm all

A ccuracy checks should be m ade at one or m ore w eight(s). T he w eight(s) should be sufficient in tem peratures, preferably tw o; one betw een 5-15º C (42- m ass to hold dow n the com bined lifting force of the 62º F ) and one betw een 15-25º C (62-82º F ). T esting is tem perature recorders and the air trapped inside the done using a stable therm al m ass, such as a w ater-filled

therm os bottle or cooler. P rocedures for determ ining Z iplock® bags w hile allow ing the tem perature tem perature recorder accuracy are as follow s:

recorders to be suspended in the w ater colum n. P lace the double bagged H O B O s into the

N eeded E quipm ent

w aterbath.

• N IST (N ational Institute of Standards and

5. W ait approxim ately an hour or until the w aterbath T echnology) traceable (calibrated and m aintained)

tem perature has stabilized before recording the therm om eter accurate to ± 0.2º C or a field audit

N IS T tem peratures in a logbook. R ecord therm om eter accurate to ± 0.2º C or better, that has

tem peratures every m inute for five m inutes (a total been checked against an N IS T traceable

of six readings). M ore readings m ay be necessary if therm om eter. (N IS T tem peratures are given in

there is suspicion that the w aterbath tem perature

C elsius. P lease refer to the table in A ppendix G ). has not reached an equilibrium . • 1 or 2 m edium sized coolers

6. D ow nload tem perature results from tem perature • T em perature audit form s

recorders and record logger results and audit • therm om eter results w ith tim e of record on an audit

Sm all w eights (bags of sand, diver w eights, lead form . W ater tem peratures should not vary m ore w eights, etc.) than ± 0.5º C betw een the N IS T recorded

• T em perature recorders. N ote: If using H O B O s, do tem perature and the data logger’ s tem perature. not use their sealed plastic cases.

U nits not passing the accuracy test should not be

2 bags of ice • used.

A ccuracy C heck P rocedure N IS T therm om eters are available at D E Q offices in

C oos B ay, A storia, and M edford, and at the H atfield

1. F or the 20º C calibration test, pour room M arine S cience center in N ew port. D E Q has 60 N IS T tem perature w ater into a cooler. A djust

therm om eters available for use by w atershed councils. tem perature in the ice chest w ith ice, cold w ater, or

C ontact the tem perature m entor w ith additional w arm w ater to the desired tem perature near 20º C .

questions about accuracy checks. R em em ber, accuracy If ice is used m ake sure it all m elts. C lose lid.

checks should be m ade before units are deployed and R epeat procedure for the 10º calibration test but

after they are retrieved at the end of the sam ple period. . start w ith cold w ater.

2. Insert the N IS T therm om eter probe through a hole in the cooler lid. P ull it through enough so that w hen the lid is closed, the probe w ill be suspended m idw ay (or slightly higher) in the w aterbath.

Stream Temperature Protocol

6-5

Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook

T ab le 6-4. T emp eratu re logger au d it form.

Project Name: Temperature Logger ID:

Site Name:

Data File Name:

Site STORET #:

Date of Battery Installation:

USGS Quad Name & #: Site Latitude:

Start Date:

Site Longitude:

Interval:

Site Description:

Duration: Pre- Deployment Temperature Check

Pre- Deployment Temperature Check

Date of Check:

Master thermometer ID: DEQ

Low Temp TEMP

TEMP

Room Temp

TEMP

TIME MASTER

UNIT

Difference STATUS

AUDIT VALUES

Audit Thermometer ID Date

Water Temperature

Air Temperature

Comments STATUS

COMMENT:

Post- Deployment Temperature Check Post- Deployment Temperature Check

Date of Check:

Master thermometer ID: DEQ

Low Temp TEMP

TEMP

RoomTemp TEMP

TEMP

TIME MASTER

Difference STATUS -

UNIT

Difference STATUS

Stream Temperature Protocol

6-6

Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook

A lternative M ethod 10-second response tim e (refer to m anufacturer T o achieve L evel A data quality (the highest level

specifications) should give a stable reading w ithin as described in C hapter 4, D ata Q uality) the

100 seconds.

accuracy check procedure using an N IST M ost tem perature recorders interrupt data

therm om eter described above m ust be used. If a collection w hen the unit is connected to a com puter. low er level of data quality (L evel B or C — see W ith this type of unit, field checking data can only

page C hapter 4 D ata Q uality) is acceptable for a

be applied by “ post-processing” (i.e., after the units project, an alternate accuracy check procedure can are retrieved and the stored data are offloaded).

be used that does not require a N IST therm om eter. For this reason, field audit tim es should be

For this m ethod, create an ice-w ater slurry in a scheduled close to the tem perature recorder’s large insulated cooler by m ixing cold w ater w ith a

logging tim e. O therw ise, rapidly changing w ater large am ount of ice. T em perature recorders can be

tem peratures m ay cause the audit therm om eter to placed into the cooler to check that they are

record a different tem perature than the logger. perform ing accurately. T hey should read 0° C

T em perature recorders typically set date and tim e (± 0.5º C ). M ultiple probes can be placed in the

based on the set-up com puter’s clock. Field cooler at the sam e tim e to provide cross-checks.

personnel should synchronize w atches to this tim e, T his m ethod only assures accuracy at 0° C . If the

otherw ise a poorly tim ed check could cause valid data w ill be used for regulatory purposes, the

data to be rejected. Post-processing audit accuracy described N IST m ethod m ust be used instead

should be w ithin ± 1.5º C (± 3º F) as w ell. Field C hecking Instrum ent Perform ance

F ield M etho d s

In addition to pre- and post-deploym ent checks, check tem perature recorders during the field

Site Selection

C hapter 3 addresses site selection criteria. Som e continuous tem perature recorder reading w ith the

m easurem ent period. A field check com pares the

additional considerations unique to stream reading on a field audit therm om eter. T he purpose

tem perature (Figure 6-1) include: in conducting field checks is to insure data

accuracy. Install tem perature recorders at sites w ith turbulence and m ixing, such as riffles, runs, or

A ttem pt to obtain at least tw o field tem perature cascades (high stream energy, fast m oving audits for three m onths of sam pling— one after

stream reaches).

deploym ent w hen the instrum ent has reached therm al equilibrium w ith the stream (approxim ately

Install tem perature recorders tow ard the low est

30 m inutes to 1 hour after placem ent), and one just point of the channel bed (the“ thalw eg” ) of the before tem perature units are rem oved from the

channel w here possible. stream . A dditional field checks, w hile not critical,

C onsider that flow w ill decrease throughout the are useful as they can m inim ize loss of data in case

sum m er and a location that appears adequate in loggers m alfunction during the sam ple period.

June m ay leave the tem perature recorder Field audit therm om eters used for field checks

exposed in A ugust.

should have an accuracy of ± 0.5º C (± 1.0º F) and resolution of ± 0.2º C (± 0.4º F).

Som e researchers have recom m ended shading tem perature recorders from direct sunlight.

D iscuss this w ith a tem perature m entor. therm om eter next to the continuous m onitoring

C heck the tem perature by placing the audit

D o not place m onitoring equipm ent in pools, areas instrum ent’s sensor. T he tem perature is recorded

w here stream tem peratures can be stratified by w hen a stable reading is obtained. A stable reading

depth or channel w idth, or other confounding is usually achieved w ithin 10 “ therm al response

variables (See C hapter 3), unless the specific tim es” . For exam ple, a therm om eter w ith a variables (See C hapter 3), unless the specific tim es” . For exam ple, a therm om eter w ith a

refugia .

Water surface

Thermisto r secured

Cha nnel bottom

to substrate

F igu re 6-1. Illu stration of temp eratu re record er in stallation an d site location s.

A dequate M ixing during the m onitoring should confirm that the If uncertain w hether a selected site has adequate

tem perature sensor has rem ained subm erged, that it m ixing, a hand-held therm om eter can be used to

is not buried in the substrate, and that it has not evaluate the degree of m ixing. M ake frequent

been dam aged by changing flow s, anim als or m easurem ents horizontally and vertically across the

vandals.

stream cross-section. If stream tem peratures are relatively hom ogeneous throughout the

T em perature recorders frequently becom e coated cross-section during sum m er low -flow conditions,

w ith algae or silt and can be difficult to locate w hen then sufficient m ixing exists.

one returns to retrieve the unit or check the tem perature. A photograph of the m onitoring site

Installation

4 can be useful for locating equipm ent. T he Installation of the sensor or probe at the

G overnor’s W atershed E nhancem ent B oard (1993) m onitoring site can be an im portant consideration. provides guidance for photo docum entation of M onitoring equipm ent m ust be installed so that the:

m onitoring sites.

• temperature sensor is completely submerged • Installing, m aintaining, and retrieving the

temperature sensor is not in contact w ith the tem perature recorder is fairly sim ple. T he general

bottom or other m ass that could serve as a heat procedure for field w ork is as follow s:

sink/source • w here possible, the sensor is set about half-

1. Start the tem perature recorder either prior to w ay in the w ater colum n

going to the field or in the field w ith a laptop com puter. Follow instructions for the specific

For non-w adeable stream s, the sensor should be logging device. M any tem perature loggers placed one m eter below the surface, but not in

have a delayed start function w hich allow s contact w ith a large therm al m ass like a bridge

them to be initialized prior to going to the field. abutm ent or boulder. If volunteers are w orking in a

It also allow s recorders to be synchronized to large, non-w adeable stream , contact the

have the sam e starting tim e throughout the tem perature m entor for guidance. Field checks

w atershed.

2. Secure the tem perature recorder w ith rebar,

4 The sensor is the thermistor or other temperature detector and is a cable, or w eights depending on the stream bed

characteristics, in a section of stream channel

part of the temperature recorder. The sensor or probe must be

submerged in the water column, not the temperature recorder.

w ith adequate m ixing and flow .

3. R ecord in a fieldbook the tim e of deploym ent angles are high and stream flow is low . W here this and how long the m onitor w ill record

is not possible, m onitoring can be conducted during m easurem ents. C heck the stream tem perature

a three-m onth period including July and A ugust w ith an audit therm om eter. R ecord site

w hen stream tem peratures are generally the highest. conditions, w eather conditions, and site

D epending on study objectives, tem perature data location using latitude and longitude.

m ay be of interest during fish spaw ning seasons also. T his typically occurs in the fall, w inter, or

4. C ollect any additional environm ental spring. Ideally, at least tw o w eeks of data should param eters of interest such as riparian shade,

be collected on either side of the period of flow , channel w idth and depth, substrate

m axim um tem perature.

com position, and riparian vegetation characteristics. For m ore inform ation on these

M o nito ring F req uency

m easures, check the follow ing references: E PA 1993; E PA 1996; B jornn and R eiser 1991;

T he m onitoring frequency should be adequate to O D F 1994; and A ppendix D .

provide a realistic estim ate of the m axim um tem perature. If m onitoring data are collected

5. Photograph the site location for future infrequently, the m axim um tem perature m ay be reference. W rite a description of the site and

m issed. The M onitoring Team recom m ends that sketch the exact location of the tem perature

th e m o n ito rin g fre q u e n c y sh o u ld b e set fo r recorder. R ecord the serial num ber of the

c o n tin u o u s tem p e ra tu re re c o rd e rs a t o n e h o u r logger w ith each site description.

in terva ls. M ore frequent m onitoring can m ore

6. If possible, perm anently m ark the site location. precisely determ ine the duration of daily m axim um tem peratures. T he disadvantage to m ore frequent

V andalism , theft, and landow ner perm ission readings is few er days of data collection are should be considered. possible and m ore data points for the sam e period

A ttaching and Securing the T em perature R ecorder of tim e m ust be stored and analyzed.

D E Q uses aircraft cable to attach tem perature m onitors for security purposes and stabilization in

D a ta A na ly sis

large river system s. O ther securing devices such as rebar and hose clam ps or diver’s w eights also can

D ata Q uality

be used. R eview ing data for errors prior to analysis is im portant. V iew ing data graphically as soon as

R etrieval and/or M id-Season R edeploym ent possible is a good w ay of checking for errors.

1. L ocate the tem perature recorder and check Som e data logging softw are actually graph the data stream tem perature w ith audit therm om eter

w hile it is offloaded from the tem perature recorder. before rem oving it from the stream .

G raphing the data provides a view of the entire period of record. T he collected data set can then be

2. O ffload the data using a laptop com puter and scrutinized for illogical or incorrect segm ents. For the tem perature recorder’s specific softw are.

exam ple, extrem ely high or low blips and sustained

B ack up the data files on both the hard drive periods of little or no change in tem perature show n and a disk.

by flat portions on the graph are areas of concern.

3. R ecord the tim e of dow nloading, site conditions O ften these areas exist at the beginning or end of (changes in stream flow , riparian vegetation,

the data file and can result from starting the etc.), and w eather conditions.

tem perature recorder long before it is placed in the stream . A reas of concern in the m iddle of the data

M o nito ring T im ing

period m ay have occurred w hen the tem perature recorder w as exposed to the air because of low flow

For assessing m axim um stream tem perature, or because of rem oval by anim als, or vandals. continuous tem perature m onitoring is generally

T hese areas of concern m ust be deleted from the conducted from June through Septem ber w hen solar

dataset. H ow ever, it is valuable to keep a backup dataset. H ow ever, it is valuable to keep a backup

and the distance betw een stations m ust be m easured.

D E Q w ill provide an electronic spreadsheet for reporting tem perature data. C ontact one of the

B a sin T rend s

m entors listed at the beginning of this chapter for a Stream tem perature generally increases in a copy, or for further inform ation on data reporting.

dow nstream direction. If stream tem peratures are

A n exam ple of a data sum m ary sheet is provided in m onitored throughout a basin (i.e. 5-20 probes) the T able 6-5. W hat follow s are som e exam ples of

basin trend from the divide can be analyzed by statistical param eters for sum m arizing stream

distance. G raph the highest 7-day m axim um tem perature data.

tem perature for each station versus its distance Seven-D ay M oving M ean of D aily M axim um

from the ridge or w atershed divide. T hen answ er T he “ seven-day m oving m ean of daily m axim um”

the follow ing questions: H ow does the rate of sm oothes out som e of the daily fluctuations in the

change (calculated above) vary from upstream tem perature profile and also provides a picture of

locations to dow nstream locations? Is there a point the average tem perature affecting fish over a longer

in the basin w here stream tem peratures stop period of tim e than daily m axim um . It is also the

increasing and level off? W hat is the m axim um basis of the D E Q w ater quality standard for stream

stream tem perature and w here does it occur? H ow tem perature.

does tributary input affect the basin trend?

B efore calculating the seven-day m oving m ean of

R eferences

daily m axim um s, the daily m axim um tem peratures

A rm our, C . 1991. G uidance for evaluating and m ust be determ ined. U sing a spreadsheet, query

recom m ending tem perature regim es to protect fish. the m axim um reading for each 24-hour period of

Instream Flow Inform ation Paper 28, B iological m easurem ent. Store these tem perature readings in

R ep o rt 9 0 (22).

a separate file or colum n accom panied by their date. T he seven-day m oving m ean is calculated as

B eschta, R .L ., B ilby, R .E ., B row n, G .W ., H oltby, the average of the 24-hour m axim um tem perature

L .B ., and H ofstra, T .D . 1987. Stream tem perature for the day and the m axim um tem peratures for the

and aquatic habitat: fisheries and forestry proceeding three days and follow ing three days

interactions. 191-232 in Stream side M anagem ent:

D aily Fluctuation

F o restry a n d F ish e ries In tera c tio n s , Salo, E .O ,

C undy, T .W . [E ds.], U niv. of W ashington, Institute tem perature analysis. T his is the difference

D aily fluctuations are also often used in stream

of Forest R esources C ontribution 57. betw een the daily m axim um and daily m inim um

B jornn, T .C ., and R eiser, D .W . 1991. H abitat tem peratures at a station. requirem ents of salm onids in stream s. 83-138 in

Spatial T rends & R ate of C hange In flu e n c e s o f F o rest a n d R a n g e la n d M a n a g e m en t W ith tw o or m ore tem perature recorders available,

o n S a lm o n id F ish e s a n d T h e ir H a b ita ts , M eehan, changes in tem perature betw een m ultiple stations

W .R . [E d.].

on a stream can be analyzed. T his is calculated by subtracting the tem perature (m axim um , m inim um ,

D epartm ent of E nvironm ental Q uality. 1995. or seven-day m oving m ean of m axim um ) at one

T em perature: 1992-1994 w ater quality standards station from the other station. T he change is

review , report of the State of O regon T echnical reported as an increase (positive value) or an

A dvisory C om m ittee, Policy A dvisory C om m ittee, decrease (negative value) in tem perature.

T em perature Subcom m ittee, Portland, O R .

D epartm ent of E nvironm ental Q uality. 1996. T em perature change can also be reported in term s

Procedural guidance for w ater tem perature of rate of change. T his is com m only reported as

m onitoring. Portland, O R .

change in tem perature per linear distance (i.e.

F o rest la n d u se s a n d strea m e n v iro n m e n t . effectiveness of forestry B est M anagem ent

D issm eyer, G .E . 1994. E valuating the

K rygier, J.T ., and H all, J.D . [E ds.]. O regon State Practices in m eeting w ater quality goals or

U niversity E xtension: C orvallis, O R . standards. U SD A Forest Service, M isc.

O regon D epartm ent of Forestry. 1994. Forest Publication 1520.

stream cooperative m onitoring w ater tem peratures

E PA . 1993. M onitoring protocols to evaluate w ater

protocol. Salem , O R .

quality effects of grazing m anagem ent on w estern rangeland stream s. E PA R egion 10, E PA 910/R -

R eeves, G ., E verest, F., H all, J. Interactions 93-017, Seattle, W A .

betw een the redside shiner (R ichardsonius

b a ltea tu s ) and the steelhead trout (Salm o

g a ird n e ri ) in w estern O regon: T he influence of assurance project plans. E PA 841-B -96-003

E PA . 1996. V olunteer m onitors guide to quality

tem perature. C anadian Journal of Fisheries and (Septem ber 1996).

A q u a tic S c ien c e 4 4 :1603-1613.

G overnor’s w atershed enhancem ent board. 1993. Sedell, J.R ., R eeves, G .H ., H auer, F.R ., Standord, Photo Plots. Salem , O R .

J.A ., H aw kinds, C .P. 1990. R ole of refugia in recovery from disturbance: m odern fragm ented and

L antz, R .L . 1971. Influence of w ater tem perature disconnected river system s. E nvironm ental

on fish survival, grow th, and behavior. 182-193 in M a n a g e m en t . 14(5):111-124 .

Table 6-5. Examples for stream temperature data summary.

T emplate for stream temperature data management. S tream N ame

R ate of C hange L anduse N umber

S tation

GPS *

C alibration

M onitoring

H ighest

D ate of

A bsolute

D ate of

D iurnal

L ocation

M ethod

P eriod

7-day M ax

O ccurrence

M aximum

O ccurrence

F luctuation

(N IS T or

(beginning (end date)

(° F )

(m/d/yr)

(° F )

(m/d/yr)

(° F )

(° F /1000 ft) (A G /

F orestry/ U rban) D eer C reek

Stream T em perature P rotocol