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a. Place, position: across, after, against, among, around, at, before,
behind, below, between, by, in, in front of, inside, near, on, on top of, opposite, outside, over, to, under, underneath.
b. Direction: across, at, by way of, down, into, out of, through,
toward, up upon. c.
Time: about, after, around, at before, by, during, from ...to, from ... until, in.
d. Purpose, reason: for
e. Possession: of
f. Manner, instrument: by, in, like, with.
g. Identification: at, by, in, on, with.
h. Distance: for
i. Agent: by
j. Material: with
k. Quantity: by
d. Sentence pattern
When we learn to make a sentence in English language, we sometimes begin from a subject and end it with an object or complement.
Based on Ross and Doty, the basic sentence pattern of English is subject- verb-object or complement.
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From the explanation above, we can make a conclusion that if we want to make a simple sentence in English, our
sentence should be consisted of a subject-verb or predicate-object or complement.
For more detail Stanley stated in her book, “A subject is a noun or
a word or a group of words serving as a noun that tells who or what is doing the action or experiencing the state of being expressed by the verb
in a clause. ” For example in the main clause: The boy’s mother had to
drive home slowly. Mother is the simple subject, the noun without any
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Janet Ross and Gladys Doty, Writing English: A Composition Text in English as a Foreign Language, New York: Harper Row, 1975, p. 5
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modifiers: the boy’s mother is the complete subject, the noun with its
modifiers.
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Then, a predicate is usually said to include all parts of a clause other than the subject and its modifiers. A simple predicate is the verb
and its auxiliaries, such as the verb to drive and its auxiliary had in the sentence:
The boy’s mother had to drive home slowly. The complete predicate includes any modifiers of the verb slowly and any
complements home.
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Moreover, a complement is a word or a word group that completes or modifies the subject, the verb, or the object of a clause.
Subject complements are called predicate adjectives or predicate nominatives. A predicate adjective follows a linking verb often a form of
to be or a verb like to become, to appear, or to seem and modifies the subject, as does the adjective cautious in. For example in the sentence:
She is cautious. A predicate nominative is a noun or a noun substitute that follows a linking verb and defines the subject more specifically, as
does the noun driver. For example in the sentence: She is the driver of the car.
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Verb complements are called direct and indirect objects. A direct object is a noun or a noun substitute that names who or what is affected
by the action of the verb. For example in the sentence: She gave the keys to him. The direct object is keys, and the indirect object is him. An
indirect object is a noun or its substitute that names to or for whom or what the action is done.
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Object complements are adjectives and nouns or their substitutes that modify direct objects. For example in the sentence: She gave the car
keys to him. Car is an object complement.
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24
Linda Stanley, Ways to Writing: Purpose, Task, and Process …, p. 432
25
Linda Stanley, Ways to Writing: Purpose, Task, and Process …, p. 432-43
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Linda Stanley, Ways to Writing: Purpose, Task, and Process …, p. 433
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Linda Stanley, Ways to Writing: Purpose, Task, and Process …, p. 433
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Linda Stanley, Ways to Writing: Purpose, Task, and Process …, p. 433
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e. Word Form
