The characterisitcs Of Rosa Fiore as main female character in La Cucina viewed from feminst theory

THE CHARACTERISITCS OF ROSA FIORE AS MAIN FEMALE

CHARACTER IN

LA CUCINA

VIEWED FROM

FEMINST THEORY

SAEFI KHIRJUL YAMANI No. 102026024607

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY JAKARTA

THE CHARACTERISITCS OF ROSA FIORE AS MAIN FEMALE

CHARACTER INLA CUCINAVIEWED FROM

FEMINST THEORY

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Strata 1 Degree

SAEFI KHIRJUL YAMANI No. 102026024607

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY JAKARTA

ABSTRACT

Saefi Khirjul Yamani. The Characteristics of Rosa Fiore as Main Female Character in La Cucina Viewed From Feminist Theory. Thesis. Jakarta: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, June 2007.

This analysis is to prove the characteristics of Rosa Fiore as main female character by analyzing the evidence from the dialogues on the novel, her acts, and her statement. The writer uses descriptive qualitative analysis as the method to analyze the relationship between the main character and the Feminist Theory.

In this analysis, the writer finds out that final result about the characteristics of Rosa Fiore as main female character, Rosa as independent woman, and brave to tries something new, struggled to get her freedom, struggles for her rights and proves that women can be equal to man in economy and able to survive through the violation. She dealt with her oppression act to Feminist Theory.

Feminist Theory focuses on dismantling of male domination as a way to liberate women, the elimination of male domination and eventually of the slave mentality that flows from the dirt of class society will lead to the creation of a new man and a new woman. Woman is aware on her oppressed status in society and household. Feminist suggests that women can stand up and be independent. They can survive and overcome the oppression and repression by men, to avoid themselves from objectivity of men. Those things are done by Rosa Fiore in La Cucina novel. Rosa prefers to leave her home and her society, so that she gets her real identity and freedom.

APPROVEMENT

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ROSA FIORE AS MAIN FEMALE

CHARACTER INLA CUCINAVIEWED FROM FEMINIST THEORY

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Strata 1 Degree

Saefi Khirjul Yamani No. 102026024607

Approved by:

Danti Pudjianti, S.Pd, MM NIP. 132 233 516

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY JAKARTA

LEGALIZATION

The thesis entitled “The Characteristics of Rosa Fiore as Main Female Character in La Cucina Viewed from Feminist Theory” has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on June, 25 2008. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Strata 1.

Jakarta, November 3rd 2008

Examination Committee

Chair Person, Secretary,

Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd

NIP. 150 299 480 NIP. 150 261 902

Members:

Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my original work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, June 20th2008

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

All praises be to Allah SWT. The real writer’s guide, who mysteriously guides him in the process of making this thesis, Peace and salutation, be upon the greatest prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions and adherents.

On this occasion, the writer wants to say many thanks to his beloved parents and sisters, who always pray for my success in the night and the day. Their sacrifice will never be equally paid. The writer also wants to give his gratitude to Danti Pudjianti, S.Pd, MM, as the writer advisor for her time, guidance, patient, kindness, and contribution in correcting and helping him in finishing this thesis.

The writer also would like to express the writer’s trustworthy gratitude to the following noble persons:

1. Prof. Dr. Komaruddin Hidayat, MA, the rector of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta.

2. Dr. Abdul Chaer, MA, the dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta.

3. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the head of English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta.

4. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd, the secretary of English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta.

5. All of the lectures in English Letters Department for having taught and educated the writer during study at Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University.

6. The writer’s soul mate, Jovovich, for her patient in encouraging the writer to finish this thesis. May God give you thousands of happiness.

7. The writer’s senior friend for giving an inspiration and support: Desty Maulaini Rahamah, Rezzalia Eliza, Nila “Djulunx”, Tien, Ucie, Hilda Rosida, Mbak Elvira (thanks for become my sister) you are all the best. 8. The writer’s class friends for learning together in English Letters

Department.

May Allah, the all-Hearer and all-Knower, bless them all and gives them more than what they have given to the writer. Hopefully, this thesis gives benefit for all people who read it.

Jakarta, June 20th2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

APPROVEMENT ... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

DECLARATION ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION…….... 1

A. The Background of the Research... 2

B. The Focus of the Research... 3

C. The Statement of the Problem ... 3

D. The Significance of the Study ... 3

E. The Methodology of the Research ... 3

1. The Background of the Research... 3

2. The Method... 4

3. The Technique of Data Analysis ... 4

4. The Instrument... 4

5. The Unit of Analysis ... 5

6. The Time and Place of the Research... 5

CHAPTER II THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK... 6

A. Characterization ... 6

B. Character... 7

C. Feminist Literary Criticism ... 10

2. The Definition of Feminism ... 15

3. Kinds of Feminism ... 17

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING ... 25

I. Data Description... 25

A. The Characteristics of Rosa as main Female Character... 25

1. Responsible... 26

2. Independent ... 27

3. Rebellious ... 27

4. Honest ... 27

5. Lover ... 28

6. Mature ... 28

7. Struggling ... 28

II. Analysis ... 29

A. Rosa Fiore as Main Female Character Viewed From Feminist Values... 29

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 37

A. Conclusions ... 37

B. Suggestions ... 38

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 39

APPENDICES ... 41

Appendix I ... 41

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. The Background of the Research

TheLa Cucinais a work of Lily Prior. The story takes places of the twentieth century, 1927, on the farm of Alcantara valley beneath the citadel of Castiglione, on the far eastern side of the island of Sicily, near the slopes of the great volcano. Here, Rosa Fiore narrates the story of her life in mid-century Sicily.

It story tells about Rosa Fiore which lives with her family in the village, she has eight older brothers and younger Siamese twin brother. Rosa fiore is the only girl in her family. Her mother threats her discriminately, not likes her brother Rosa should stay at her room when the nights come. Mother does not believe even to her own sons and her husband. In other word mother is overprotected to Rosa. She expresses her dissatisfy and her feeling by cooking foods and makes some bottle of juice in the kitchen. She does it when she feels lonely or upset. Besides her hobbies cooking can help her to make another business, it can earn money. It lasts for a long time until the Mafia harms her cease the production of foods and drinks. The Mafia is a secret organization which has power to rule a market of foods and drinks. The Mafia does not want if somebody compete their business. They warn Rosa to cease her home production, but Rosa as a strong girl ignores it and carries on the production. She struggle it by herself.

Rosa’s life changes when she falls in love with Bartolomeo, she feels so happy of having a boyfriend and find a place to share. But the father of Bartolomeo Don Umberto “The man of honor” has matched Bartolomeo with his friend daughter, his mafia relation. Bartolomeo refuses and disobey his father because he has Rosa the woman he loves. Don Umberto feels insulted by his son behavior and Rosa should lose her boyfriend because Bartolomeo is killed by his own father. Dissatisfy of her society Rosa moves to Palermo to find a new life and job in Palermo. Once again Rosa struggle it by her self.

Many things that make Rosa suffered, will Rosa survive in her environment through the rule in her society and how she will face all of those? It would be very interesting to know deeper about the characterization of Rosa Fiore and all intrigues that happen in the novel.

Especially, what the researcher wants to study is the image of Rosa Fiore in the novel La Cucina based on feminist values, which is values of an obstinate, independent, and optimistic woman in undergoing her life without feeling tired or even desperate.

B. The Focus of the Research

In this research, writer focuses the problem in analyzing the image of the main character and the characteristics through feminism approach.

C. The Statement of the Problems

In this research the writer tries to get the answer of the following question: 1.How are the characteristics of main character Rosa Fiore Described in

The novel La Cucina?

2. How does Rosa Fiore survive through male domination according to Feminist Theory?

D. The Significance of the Research

The writer hopes that research would be beneficial to readers in terms of it is information and knowledge. It is also hoped that readers would understand the novel after having observed the result of the analysis of the woman character and characterization, as well as their image through feminism approach of the novel La Cucina by Lily Prior. The writer also hopes the analysis would motivate individuals interested in literature to do further analysis.

E. The Methodology of the Research 1. The Objective

The objective of this research is to describe the characteristics of Rosa Fiore as main female character by analyzing the evidence from the dialogues on the novel,

her acts, and her statement, in the novel La Cucina by Lily Prior. This study especially is to know:

a.The Characteristics of Rosa Fiore as Main Female Character b.Rosa Fiore’s character seen from Feminist Theory.

2. The Method

In this research, the writer uses qualitative method, the writer also uses the analytic descriptive to analyses the relationship between the main character in the novelLa Cucinawith the feminism approaches.

3. The Data Analysis

The technique of data analysis of the research is to finding out the main female character and also her characterization with the evidence. To get the feminist values, the writer reads the work deeply, understands it comprehensively and then gives some marks in each line of the novel, then put them in into the paper. The feminist values that occurred in the main females’ characterization are analyzed through feminism approach.

4. The Instrument

The instrument in this research is the writer himself by reading the whole text,and underlining the sentence or statement in the novelLa Cucina.

5.The Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis in this research is the novel “La Cucina” by Lily Prior. It is published by Black Swan in Great Britain in 2001.

6.The Time and Place of the Research.

The research began in January 2007 in the American Corner’s library of UIN Jakarta, American Studies’ library of UI, and Faculty of Culture Studies’ library of UI.

CHAPTER II

THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Characterization

Characterization is the sum of all observable qualities of a human being, everything knowable through careful scrutiny: age and IQ; sex and sexuality; style of speech and gesture; choices of home, car, and dress; education and occupation; personality and nervosity; values and attitudes.1

Characterization is the character means of differentiating one personage from another. It means one character has different characterization to another character, and characterization also means the method used by a writer to develop a character. Characterization includes:

1. Physical, concerns such basic facts as sex, age, size, and color.

2. Social, concerns as character’s economic status, profession or trade, religion, and family relationships–all the factors that place him in his environment. 3. Psychological, reveals a character’s habitual responses, desires, motivations,

likes and dislikes–the inner working of the mind.

1

Robert McKee,Structure and Character. Accessed on July, 12 2007

This is to say that the author describes the character, behavior, physical state, social state, and the personality of the character. Characterization is the way in which a character is created.2

1. Characteristic

Characteristic is a character feature which differentiate one character to another, it means character's characteristics revealed and through circumstances, words, thoughts, actions, or appearances.

B. Character

The character refers to a personage in a literary work, such as in the drama and the novel. The term of character also denotes the essential of qualities and personality, the traits of a fictional or real individual. The ability to create compelling and believable characters is one of the hallmarks of the literary artist.

The character is an important in the work of fiction, because who is to do and incurred something is done by the character. The term of character refers to the person, the actor of the story. Among the character and his characterization is intact union. It is often the call of certain character sign to his characterization.3

In English literature there are two definitions about character, that is: 1) Figure in a literary work

2

Richard Gill,Mastering English Literature(London: Macmillan Ltd, 1995), p. 129 3

Burhan Nurgiyantoro,Teori Pengkajian Fiksi,(Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.2002),p. 165

2) Personality; the mental and moral qualities of a figure, as when we say that as character is strong, weak, immoral, or whatever.4

Gift of name is form of simplest figure, it is a kind of way to giving personality, animating.5 It means to reveal the character through the story is give name to character and make it alive in building the story.

According to the book of Kritik Sastra Feminis by Sugihastuti Suharto, said that;

“Cerita rekaan pada dasarnya mengisahkan seseorang atau beberapa orang yang menjadi tokoh. Yang dimaksud tokoh cerita adalah individu rekaan yang mengalami peristiwa atau perbuatan di didalam berbagai peristiwa cerita yang berperan sebagai subjek yang menggerakkan peristiwa-peristiwa cerita”.6

(Fictions story basically tell about one or some people that become character. Characters are the important elements in building a story, for they are much involved in the events which united the story).

According to the book of Literature for composition by Scott Foresman, Character is things happen in most good fiction at least partly because the people have certain personalities or character traits.

The writer observed the character intensity of involvement in building the story to determine the main character and subordinate character. The main character has the highest intensity of involvement in building the story, whereas the minor character support the character in building a story, as stated by Sugihastuti Suharto in the book of Kritik Sastra Feminis:

4

Barnet, Berman, and Burto.Opcitp.71 5

Rene Wellek and Austin Warren.Teori Kesusastraan.(Jakarta: Pt. Gramedia, 1995), p.287 6

Karakteristik yang digunakan untuk menentukan tokoh sentral bukan frekuensi kemunculan tokoh itu dalam cerita, melainkan intensitas keterlibatannya didalam peristiwa-peristiwa yang membangun cerita.7

(The characteristic used to identify the central character is not the frequency of appearance but the intensity of involving which build the story).

Based on the function, character in a literary work can be divided into two there are main character and minor character

Menurut kedudukan tokoh dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu tokoh utama dan tokoh bawahan. Tokoh utama adalah tokoh yang memegang peranan penting dalam suatu cerita.8

(Characters are classified into two: they are the main character and minor character. The main character has the highest involvement in the story).

Main Character

Main character has an important role and the highest intensity of involvement in the story. The central figure in a story called central character. The character plays the highest role in a story.

“Tokoh utama dalam suatu cerita disebut juga dengan tokoh utama yaitu orang-orang yang mengambil bagian dalam sebagian besar peristiwa cerita.”9

(Main character is the central character of a story. It refers to the people who take part in most of the events).

7

Ibidp. 52 8

Aminudin,Pengantar Apresiasi Karya Sastra, (Bandung: Angkasa, 1987), p. 80 9

Minor Character

Minor Character is a character that supports the central character. The character has fewer roles or in the other words the character is less dominant. But the character is needed to support the main character in developing story.

According to Grimes (1975:43),

“Di dalam cerita rekaan biasanya tidak hanya terdapat tokoh utama, tetapi juga ada tokoh bawahan, tokoh bawahan adalah tokoh yang tidak sentral kedudukannya didalam cerita, tetapi kehadirannya diperlukan untuk menunjang atau mendukung tokoh utama.”

(minor character supports the main character in building the story but they have less position than the main character).

The kinds of characters are dynamic and static. Dynamic is character works through some development. It undergoes a permanent change in some aspect of character, personality or outlook. The alteration in out of self and the human correlation with affected; are able to touch the psychological and make the change and development attitude. Static character is the character remains relatively unchanged. It is a figure, which not changes in essential of characterization because of phenomenon.10

C. Feminist Literary Criticism

Feminist literary criticism grew out of women's movement following WW II; this approach analyzes the representation of women in literature. There is general

10

agreement that interpretation of literature involves critique of patriarchy. The emergence of feminist literary criticism is one of the major developments in literary studies in the past thirty years.

By knowing about the history of feminist, the definition of feminist, the kinds of feminist, and about the critic itself, the writer can analyze and criticize the novel.

1. The History of Feminism

There are many theory that can be used in literary criticism but according to the statement of Soenarjati Djajanegara who assume that a work which question about unbalance gender relationships a promotes that creating of a more balance social order between men and women as a feminist literary works.

Gender and particularly the role of women is widely recognized as vitally important to international development issues. This often means a focus on gender-equality, ensuring participation, but includes an understanding of the different roles and expectation of the genders within the community.

As well as directly addressing inequality, attention to gender issues is regarded as important to the success of development programs, for all participants. The term

gender is used to refer to proposed social and cultural constructions of masculinities and femininities. In this context, gender explicitly excludes reference biological differences, to focus on cultural differences. This emerged from a number of different areas: La Cucina for example can be categorizes as the feminist one.

Feminism, as a construct, has probably existed as long as there have been women, although the word, derived from the French "féminisme", did not enter the English language until the end of the nineteenth century. If a broad concept of feminism includes women acting, speaking and writing on women's issues and rights, then we can see that these concerns go back as far as recorded history. Unfortunately many talented women's contributions to history have been forgotten or ignored, but modern scholarship is redressing this imbalance. Although feminist thinkers have always existed, many people consider Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman(1792) to be one of the first written works that can unambiguously be called feminist philosophy.

The outburst of feminist theory and practice, which has affected so many women’s lives in 1960s, differed from previous forms of feminism. It started from assertion of women’s common sisterhood in oppression. Sisterhood expressed the idea that in general women have interests opposed to those of men, that men generally dominate women, and generally benefit from this domination. During the 1970s, however, feminist produced new knowledge of women’s lives. Instead of establishing women’s shared oppression as women, they began to emphasize the difference between women.11

Feminist ideological criticism has a close relationship with the movement of feminist itself. This movement has along political history, developing as a substantial

11

Caroline Ramazanoglu,Feminism and the Contradictions of Oppression(London: Routledge Publisher, 1997), p. 3.

force, in two big countries American and Britain, throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.12

For the most part, feminist theory has assumed that there is some existing identity, understood through the category of women, who not only initiates feminist interests and goals within discourse, but constitutes the subject for whom political representation is pursued.13

While in practice feminist critics continue to use a variety of methodological approaches to literature, there are common assumptions that underlie a feminist approach to anything. It is upon this commonality that wish to dwell, so as to a place feminist literary criticism within the context of a more general critical theory.14

When women first organized in groups to talk together about the issue of sexism and male domination, they were clear that female were socialized to believe sexist thinking and values as males, the difference being simply that males benefited from sexism more than females and were as a consequence less likely to want to surrender patriarchal privilege.15

It is not, however, just because the feminist movement “needs” to have a group called women oppressed by a group called men that this assertion is made, rather, it is a conclusion that is derived from the massive weight of historical evidence; indeed it

12

Raman Selden, A Reader’s Guide To Contemporary Literary Theory, (Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 1991),p. 206

13

Judith P. Butler,Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity(New York: Routledge Publisher, 1990), p. 3.

14

Josephine Donovan,Feminist Literary Critisism: Exploration in Theory. (Kentucky: the University Press of Kentucky, 1975),p. 74

15

Bell Hooks,Feminism Is For Everybody: Passionate Politics,(London: Pluto Press, 2000), p. 7

is this evidence and the continuing mistreatment of women by men that has led to the feminist movement.16

Revolutionary feminist consciousness-raising emphasized the importance of learning about patriarchy as a system of domination, how it became institutionalized and how it is perpetuated and maintained.17According to Patrick McGuire patriarchy is the control by men, as individuals or as extended family or kinship heads, of the labor of women. This control may be manifested in legally sanctioned ownership of women themselves or simply in the authority to assign women particular tasks. Patriarchy still exists in some parts of the world, particularly in rural areas. However, its legacy endures in other settings, including domestic and interpersonal relations.18

All version of feminism make a direct challenge to the assumption that women as a sex are naturally inferior to men. The argument that women are a culturally constructed gender category rather than simply a biological sex led to a much broader feminist challenge to existing knowledge of the relation between men and women. The idea of women oppression was a means of conceptualizing the supposedly natural inferiority of the feminine as unnatural. Feminists challenged the conceptual separation of nature and culture which had allowed men to dominate women and had allowed women’s oppression to develop in the guise of women’s feminine.19

16

Josephine Donovan (Ed),Feminist Literary Criticism: Explorations In Theory, (Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 1975), p. xi

17

Bell Hooks (2000),loc. cit. 18

Patrick McGuire and Donald McQuarie,From the Left Bank to the Mainstream: Historical Debates and Contemporary Research in Marxist Sociology,(New York: Dix Hills Publisher, 1994), p. 48.

19

One of the women’s demands is the gender inequality. Gender is the set of social expectations associated with maleness and femaleness. By using the word “gender,” sociologists suggest that the social construction of male and female behavior is as important to collective experience and action as biologically based sexual characteristic.20

Understanding the way male domination and sexism was expressed in everyday life created awareness in women of the ways they were victimized, exploited, and, in worse, case scenarios, oppressed. Early on in contemporary feminist movement, consciousness-raising groups often became settings where women simply unleashed pent-up hostility and rage about being victimized, with little or no focus on strategies of intervention and transformation. On a basic level many hurt and exploited women used the consciousness raising group therapeutically. It was the site where they uncovered and openly revealed the depths of their intimate wounds. This confessional aspect served as a healing ritual. Through consciousness-raising women gained the strength to challenge patriarchal forces at work and at home.21

2. The Definition of Feminism

20

Op.cit.p. 48 21

One of the ways women have fought discrimination is through feminism, but one of the difficult parts of learning about feminism is defining it. First of all it is necessary to consider what the meaning of feminism itself.

Etymologically feminism come from word femme (woman), mean woman (singular) which struggling for woman rights (plural), as a social class. In this matter it is necessary to make a difference between male and female (as the aspect of biological differences, as natural term), masculine and feminine (as the aspect of psychological and cultural differences). In other words, male-female leading to sex, on the other hand masculine-feminine leading to gender. In more extensive understanding, feminism is the women movement in resisting to be marginalized, subordinated and to be put a side by the dominant culture, either in economy and politics or in social life in general. In a slight understanding, which is in literature, feminism is connected in ways to understand a literature related to either the production process or the reception.22

Feminist believe that women have been locked off in a condition of lesser reality by the dominant patriarchal attitudes and customs of our culture. We find these and customs reified in the institution of literature and literary criticism. Feminist critics- like many feminists in every area - are engaged in negating these reification.23

22

Sugihastuti Suharto,Opcit,p. 50 23

Feminist researching the female tradition constantly emphasize both the amount and the variety of material to be uncovered.24 Modern feminist political activists commonly campaign on issues such as reproductive rights, including the right to safe, legal abortion, access to contraception and quality prenatal care, protection from violence within a domestic partnership, sexual harassment, street harassment, discrimination and rape, and rights to maternity leave, and equal pay.

Feminism asks for sexual equality that includes sexual difference. It aims for individual freedoms by mobilizing sex solidarity. It posits that women recognize their unity while it stands for diversity among women. It requires gender consciousness for its basis yet calls for the elimination of prescribed gender roles.25

Feminism is a belief that women and men are inherently of equal worth. Because most societies privilege men as a group, social movements are necessary to achieve equality between women and men, with the understanding that gender always intersects with other social hierarchies.26

In simple terms, feminism is the belief in social, political and economic equality of the sexes, and a movement organized around the belief that gender should not be the pre-determinant factor shaping a person's social identity or socio-political or economic rights.

24

Mary Eagelton,Feminist Literary Theory(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Great Briatain),p. 2 25

Nancy F Cott.The Grounding of Modern Feminism. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), p 5.

26

Estelle B Freedman.No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and the Future of Women. (New York: Ballantine Books, 2002), p. 7.

3. Kinds of feminism a. Liberal Feminism

The first known Women’s Liberation Movement groups were formed by young mother in south London, students in Essex, women striking for equal pay at the Ford plant in Dagenham, and a fisherman’s wife, campaigning for safer working conditions for trawler men, in Hull. Other groups followed; by late 1969 the London Women’s Liberation Workshop coordinated about 70 groups.27

According to Alice Echols (1989) Liberal feminism is the variety of feminism that works within the structure of mainstream society to integrate women into that structure. The main views of liberal feminists are that all people are created equal by God and deserve equal rights. Liberal feminists are responsible for many important acts of legislation that have greatly increased the status of women, including reforms in welfare, education and health. Unfortunately Liberal feminism has been known to only concentrate on the legislation aspect in the fight against patriarchy. It has been criticized for not breaking down the deeper ideologies of society and patriarchy. Also, it has been criticized for ignoring race and class issues.

27

Cheris Kramarae and Dale Spender,Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge(London: Routledge 2000), p. 811

b. Radical Feminism

In one sense, all feminism is by definition ‘radical’, challenging the central tenets of legal and political thought and demanding full citizenship for women in society. The emergent woman’s movement of the late 1960s and the political activity of women confronting the prevailing mores in western society represented a radical departure from women’s conventional roles and stereotypes.28

According to Alison Jaggar (the feminist philosopher), radical feminist is biological determinism for an explanation of men’s behavior, defining women’s oppression under patriarchy as seamless and absolute with women as absolute victims, and focusing on the construction of woman-culture as the sole political strategy.29

c. Socialist feminism

Socialist feminism appeared as an organized current of feminism in most western capitals in the mid-1970s. It expressed the outlook and many of the early assumptions of women’s liberation, a self conscious movement of women that first emerged in the closing years of the civil rights and student movements of the 1960s. Although socialist feminist flourished within the wider movement in the 1970s, it

28

Hilaire A. Barnett,Introduction to Feminist Jurisprudence, (London: Cavendish Publishing Limited 1998), p. 163

29

Margaret A. Simons, Beauvoir and the Second Sex: Feminism, Race, and the Origins of Existentialism(Maryland :Rowman & Littlefield publisher Inc, 1999), p. 146-147

conference often became bogged down in abstract debate about some of the least creative areas of Marxist thought.30

Socialist feminism appears to adopt some of the same tenets of Marxism, but instead of focusing on economic determinism as the primary source of oppression, the socialist feminist sees the oppression as having psychological and social roots.31

They share a genuine concern for women that transcends politics. Their focus is on people, not profits. To the socialist feminist, the prostitute is a victim of the corruption of a society which accompanies class distinctions. The oppression of class in a materialistic society degrades people by categorizing them in a particular class and objectifying them so that they are merely parts of a mechanism that can be replaced by other parts of the same description. In both the socialist feminist and Marxist feminist perspectives prostitution is discouraged, but neither school of thought seeks a legal remedy for its elimination. They believe that the cause of prostitution is in the structuring of society, and that is where the solution will reside.32

d. Marxist feminism

In Britain in the 1970s and 1980s, Marxist and socialist played a pioneering role in the development of feminist theory. It is inspired by second wave radical

30

Cheris Kramarae and Dale Spender (2000),op.cit. 826 31

Simone de Beauvoir “believed that one of the keys to a woman’s liberation is economic, a point she emphasized in her discussion of the independent woman.” Rosemarie Tong, Feminist Thought: A Comprehensive Introduction(Boulder and San Francisco: Westview Press, 1989), p. 211.

32

feminism texts from USA, women in Britain, often from the New Left, set out to develop a Marxist feminism which might account for both patriarchy and capitalism and the connection between two.33

According to Marxist theory, in capitalist societies the individual is shaped by class relations; that is, people's capacities, needs and interests are seen to be determined by the mode of production that characterizes the society they inhabit. Marxist feminists see gender inequality as determined ultimately by the capitalist mode of production. Gender oppression is class oppression and women's subordination is seen as a form of class oppression which is maintained (like racism) because it serves the interests of capital and the ruling class. Marxist feminists have extended traditional Marxist analysis by looking at domestic labor as well as wage work in order to support their position.34

Soenarjati has stated that Marxist Feminist literary criticism is to analyze woman character from point of view of classes in the society, Feminism as a conscious intervention in the hierarchically organized regime of gender power. In other words, the Marxists approach the national question exclusively from a class point of view. For the Marxist feminist the source of problem of oppression is in

33

Chris Weedon,Feminist Theory and the Politics of different(Massachusetts: Blackwell publisher 1999), p. 134

34

Marxist Feminist, Answer.com. Accessed on July 30 2007.

classes (social-economy) and patriarchy.35It is the same with the attitude of Marxists towards the oppression of women.

Marxist feminist took its socialism from Marx, and its feminism from radical feminism. When Marx’s analysis was applied to an understanding of women’s place in capitalist society it led to the conclusion that women’s liberation was subordinated to the goals of class struggle.36

The “marriage” of Marxism and feminism has been like the marriage of husband and wife depicted in English common law Marxism and feminism are one, and that one is Marxism. This political stance produces an analysis that absorbs feminism into the class struggle.37

As Raymond Williams (Patrick McGuire and Donald McQuarie1994:48) in keywords, the history of the term ‘class’ is complex. Class has, of course, long been used as a general term of classification and in the educational context. In addition to this, Williams (1976: 59) identifies three significant further uses:

1. An objective social or economic category;

2. Rank, i.e. relative social position determined by birth or social mobility; 3. A formation (which Williams defines as a perceived economic

relationship and social, political and cultural organization).

35

Soenarjati Djajanegara.Kritik Sastra Feminis. (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama,2003), p.30 36

Caroline Ramazanoglu (1997),op.cit, p. 26 37

Lydia Sargent,Women and Revolution: A Discussion of the Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism(Boston: South End Press 1981), p. 2.

The main distinction in play in these different uses is between those restricted to social and economic position and those which imply particular forms of culture and social organization.38

Marxist Feminists believe that class distinction is the greatest evil, that the very ownership of private property, a basic tenet of capitalism, oppresses women. The hierarchies that govern most businesses make most capitalist organizations untenable to a Marxist, and a Marxist feminist believes that in too many businesses, hierarchies of power oppress women.39

In order to bring about the socialist revolution, it is necessary to unite the working class and its organizations, cutting across all lines of language, nationality, race, religion and sex. This implies, on the one hand, that the working class must take upon itself the task of fighting against all forms of oppression and exploitation, and place itself at the head of all the oppressed layers of society, and on the other, must decisively reject all attempts to divide it - even when these attempts are made by sections of the oppressed themselves.40

Finally, contemporary Marxist offer various theories of the impact of gender ideology on women’s continued subordination as material constraints to women’s labor force participation diminish.41

38

Chris Weedon (1999),op. cit134-135 39

M. Louise Ripley,Gender Issues in Management, Marxist feminism. Accessed on April 8, 2007. http://www.atkinson.yorku.ca/~lripley/pgresearch.htm.

40

Alan Woods,Marxism versus feminism: The class struggle and the emancipation of women.

http://www.marxist.com/marxism_v_feminism.html, p. 1 41

Generally, feminism objective is to end sexism, though because of its relation to other forms of oppression, this will require efforts to end other forms of oppression as well. We might characterize feminism schematically as the view that women are subject to sexist oppression and that is wrong.

However, the main purpose of feminism is to raise women’s status in social life. 42 Feminism is both an intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks justice for women and the end of sexism in all forms. However, there are many different kinds of feminism. Feminists disagree about what sexism consists in, and what exactly ought to be done about it; they disagree about what it means to be a woman or a man and what social and political implications gender has or should have. Nonetheless, motivated by the quest for social justice, feminist inquiry provides a wide range of perspectives on social, cultural, and political phenomena. Important topics for feminist theory and politics include: the body, class and work, disability, the family, globalization, human rights, popular culture, race and racism, reproduction, science, the self, sex work, and sexuality.43

Based on the story of La Cucina, the writer uses the feminist approach to study the characteristics of Rosa Fiore and the feminist values of hers. Therefore the writer provides more theories or explanation related to Feminist in above.

42

Djajnegara,opcit. p.4 43

Topics in Feminism,Stanford Online March 2004, Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy. July 25, 2007 http://plato.stanford.edu/fundrising.com p 2.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING

I. Data Description

A. The Characteristics of Rosa Fiore

The characterization means how the writer tells the readers about the physical and non-physical characteristic of the person told in the story. As the writer explained in theoretical framework, that characterization is the method used by a writer to develop a character. The method includes; showing the character's appearance, displaying the character's actions. Characterization means of differentiating one personage from another.

Here are the characterizations of Rosa and the evidence based on the novel of

La Cucinaby Lily Prior:

Table 1

The Characterization of Rosa Fiore

No Corpus Page Remarks

1. Rosa’s social life Page 25

“I am the Fiores, an ancient family thathas lived here in Sicily; it is said, since the time of the Greeks. My family was made up of my parents, Madre and Padre Fiore, and until my ninth year, my six older brothers: Luigi, Leonardo, Mario, Giulano, Giuseppe, and

Salvatore. When I was eight my younger brothers, Guera and Pace, came along. My family was I suppose a typical Sicilian family:

large and loud.”

2. Page 35

“It was not uncommon in Sicily in those days

for people to disappear. Their bodies were never found. They formed the foundations of new roads or railway tracks or buildings, were hidden in disused wells or mine shafts; some were chopped up and fed to dogs; others were dissolved in baths of acid. Such

disappearances were known as ‘lupara bianca’ or white deaths: a way for the Mafia

to dispose of people who had become

inconvenient dangerous, or embarrassing.”

3 Page 81

“Back then, educating girl was regarded as a

waste of money, but Mama insisted on

sending me despite Papa’s objection.”

4 Physical Appearance Page 50

“I had gaineda lot of weightsince I left the

fattoria twenty five years ago”.

Page 53

“They mimicked my country accent, and

laughed at my homemade clothes; in particular at my grey and capacious

underwear…They mocked my passion for

food, my generous size, my overwhelming

breast”

5 Rosa’s Psychological

6 1. Responsible Page 253

“It was not my intention to take over, but none of my brothers had any idea how to run business. Every minute one of them would run into La Cucina asking me what Mama would have done in a given situation, so it came about naturally that I took over all responsibility. I decided which pastures should be used or which of the crops. I determined which of the livestock should be

breed and which slaughtered.”

7 Page 94

“The bells of San Domenico chimed a quarter

to nine. I would have to rush. I could not be late.No. I had never once been late. Not in twenty-five years. I rushed. A gush of icy

8 Page 95

“An hour later, when I had gathered together my papers, ledgers, ruler, sharpened pencils, and India rubber, I knew I had to turn my attention to the foreigner. I had never been able to leave a task half done”.

9 2. Independent Page 51

“Not knowing whereto go, I spent the whole day walking around the Arab quarter,

thinking how best to find work and how I would survive in the noise and bustle and confusion that was unlike anything I had ever

experienced.”

10 Page 26

‘When I was twelve Papa disappeared. But wait I am getting ahead of myself

11 Page 121

“Signor, please, I must go, I said, freeing myself.’

‘Very well,Miss Independent.”

12 3. Rebellious

Page 48

‘Rosa, Mama began, ‘this cannot go on. You

must cease this unending cucina.’

I said nothing, but the same day I packed my few things in my suitcase, and taking from the hook on the wall the cage containing my parrot, Celeste, I left Castiglione for

Palermo”

13

Page 45-46

“One morning I discovered head of one of the

sheepdogs outside the back door with a note attached advising me to cease production of tomato sauce if I did not wish to damage the

sender’s business and risk his displeasure. I

recognize this a warning from the Mafia, and yet it did not worry me; I was beyond worrying about man-made threats at this stage. And so I threw the dog’s head in the

fire and turned my attention to preserving

instead.”

14 Page 80

“Leave this house you whore…you make my

son betray me, he threw me fro, the front into

the street”

15 4. Honest

Page 69

“Father, forgive me, for I have sinned, I said,

crossing myself as I settled down in my knees in the confessional.

‘And what did you do, my little Rosina? Asked

the priest.

‘I went walking in the pastures, Father.

‘No Father’ With whom did you walk in the

pastures while your mother was away from

home, Rosa?’

‘With Bartolomeo, Father.’

16 Page 158

“It was the first time I had ever spoken of my

past, and yet it felt right to reveal my secret to this man, on that day, that summer, under the

burnig sun.”

17 5. Lover. Page 210

“Oh my beloved boys! Could it really be

them? Despite our long years of separation I

had never stopped thinking about them.”

18 Page 264

“I never knew I had such a deep,

encompassing ability to love. These three tiny girls have brought me to life again. I give them all the love I have inside me: I have

nowhere else to give it now”.’

19 6. Mature. Page 50

“It’s not right to think that I had lived in grief for all of these years. Honestly, once I had emerged from La Cucina at Castiglione, my rage left me. In fact, I felt nothing for a quarter of a century. I did not even continue to mourn the loss of Bartolomeo, I accepted

my life, and it caused me no pain.”

20 Page 254

“I was happy in this way. I didn’t have a lover, so I couldn’t experience the highs and lows of love”.

21 Page 232

“Mama had only just comeback into my life, and I was only just reaching an understanding with her that we had never had when I was younger; and now here she was

gone.”

22 7. Struggling Page 155

“I sat down at the table andlooked out of the window. He was out there, somewhere, not far away. My soul somehow reached out to him. I knew the dangers. I was certainly not

going to take Mama’s advice and end the

relationship, but I would need to be on my guard.

23 Page 169-₁₇₀

“Surely it was L’Inglese. What was he doing

here? He was supposed to be away on business until Friday. What did this mean? Had he not gone away after all? It was very strange. I had to catch up with him and find

out was going on. Had he lied to me? If he had lied about this, had he lied about other things? Suspicion ran along beside me, encouraging me. Had his whole story been a tissue of lies?

I would catch him. I would force the truth out of him. I would look him in the eye and ask him what all this meant.

I threw open the door, panting. L’Inglese was

at the bar ordering a drink. He turned round to face me. Only it was someone else. It was

not L’Inglese at all.”

II. Analysis

A. Rosa Fiore as Main Female Character Viewed From Feminist Theory

From the explanation of Rosa Fiore above, the writer tries to relate her characterization and Feminism. According to feminist theory, women’s subordination is seen as a form of oppression that maintained because it serves the interest of male domination. A woman is included into subordinate one, in the patriarchy, who was born to be a servant of men as the member of the ruling class. Each man in patriarchy is always an employer, a brother, a husband, or a father.

1. Male Domination

The male domination is represented by the Mafia in the place Rosa lived. The term of Mafia is a secret terrorist organization in Sicily, operating since the early 19th

century in opposition to legal authority.44Sicily's Mafia is rebuilding its networks in the US, according to an Italian parliamentary report.45 Coldiretti, the Italian farmers' union, reported this year that the Sicilian Mafia is adding flavoring to colza oil, often used to lubricate machinery, before re-labeling it as olive oil. Millions of tons of industrial and urban waste are trucked into the region and dumped illegally each year, poisoning farmland and contaminating public waste-disposal sites. The Mafia hides behind apparently legitimate waste-disposal firms, which appeal to unscrupulous companies tempted to remove their waste cheaply.46

Rosa got oppression when she was the only girl at school; she had to face her environment which thought education was only for man, and sent a girl to school was considering of wasting money.

The ruling class members have gotten their own privilege upon the subordinate one. They also can choose which whom their daughter or son will married. They do what they like to do, they have no good attitude, and for example when Rosa comes to Don Umberto houses to see for the last time Bartolomoe’s body. Rosa was throwing to the outside by Don Umberto

“Leave this house you whore…you make my son betray me, he threw me fro, the front into the street.”(p. 80).

44

Farlex, Mafia, The Free Dictionary. Accessed on April, 5 2008 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Mafia.

45

Christian Fraser,Sicily Mafia restoring US links. BBC news http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7268098.stm. Accessed on April, 5 2008

46

John Phillips. Modern Mafia operates at every level of Italian society. The Independent on Sunday. Accessed on April, 10 2008. www.independent.co.uk/news/europe/modern-mafia-operates-at-every-level-of-italian-society-79..

They have the right to establish anything that must be obeyed by the members of subordinate class, as Mama said to Rosa:

“Mama like many others had lived in fear of the Mafia all her life. The tales she heard at her mother’s knee were of the murderous exploits of the men of honor, and with Mama, who took everything literally, myth had fused with reality. Had Bartolomeo been part of another family, Mama would have paid a visit to his parents and ordered them to keep their son away from her daughter. But in this case, Mama, who was so used to exercising control, was afraid and

powerless” (p.82)

On this statement mama told about the hidden feeling of people that lived in Castiglione. They were scared of mafia; they have no freedom to manage their business. The only thing they can do is obeying anything chosen by the Mafia, especially about market and trade.

Mama was forbidding Rosa to cook, whereas for Rosa cooking was the place for expressed her feeling. Because she had no one to shares, so the only thing she can do and she liked was cooking. And that should end too. This moment made Rosa thought what she would do then.

Rosa was born as low class, she has to obey the ruled that made by mafia, and her family. She is only daughter in her family; her mother was overprotected to her. And it makes Rosa got an oppression in her own family, she never feels the free, and she can not choose the way she likes.

In Library Rosa was considered as a spinster, almost the women who worked in library was deride to Rosa and mocked at her dressed. Rosa should face it all by her self.

Besides the oppression by the mafia and her environment, Rosa also got the oppression by her brother Luigi which disagreed if Rosa has a relation with L’Inglese, Luigi said that L’Inglese was not good for Rosa, and without any explanation Luigi told to Rosa that he had killed L’Inglese.

Before L’Inglese killed by Luigi, Rosa has falling in love with L’Inglese. They had spending time together and it made Rosa really happy, but one thing that made Rosa struggled in her mind that she never knew the truth about L’Inglese because every time Rosa asked about what L’Inglese was doing he never told the truth.

Many things happened that makes Rosa suffered, first is she should lost her boyfriend because his father disagrees if Bartolomeo has a courtship with Rosa, Rosa is not rich and not from the honorable family, so Bartolomeo’s father forbid his son of having a relation with Rosa. The second is when she was warned to cease her prdouction house. And the third is when her brother Luigi forbids Rosa having a relation with L’Inglese, Luigi said that L’Inglese was not good for her, and he told to Rosa that L’Inglese has killded by him. Rosa is struggling that entire thing happens with strong and wise heart. And it made Rosa become mature and learn how to be a better person and to not give up easily.

Even all the people were scared by the Mafia but Rosa was the one who fight against the Mafia power. Her spirit and passion made her became more struggles to her better life. It shows when she was warned to cease production of Tomato sauce and bottled orange and apricots. However Rosa keeps on producing the food. She

thinks that nothing can stop her to get everything she wants to reach. As Rosa narrates her statement:

“One morning I discovered head of one of the sheepdogs outside the back door

with a note attached advising me to cease production of tomato sauce if I did

not wish to damage the sender’s business and risk his displeasure. I recognize this a warning from the Mafia, and yet it did not worry me; I was beyond worrying about man-made threats at this stage.And so I threw the dog’s head in the fire and turned my attention to preserving instead.”(p. 45-46).

This statement proves that Rosa is brave and independent woman.

At the age of 18 Rosa lost her boy friend, Bartolomeo. He was killed by his own father Don Umberto. His father disagrees if Bartolomeo has a courtship with another girl, because his father has proposed him with another girl that he had chosen. Rosa feels so disappointed and unsatisfied with this rule. She can not marry with the man she loves. She knows what she has to do for her life, so that she decides to leave Castiglione to Palermo to find a new life, a new job and new experiences.

Through the story above, it can be seen how a daughter like Rosa has no freedom to choose her soul mate. She has no right to decide whom she will marry. She has to obey Don Umberto who represents male domination and the rule patriarchy. She experiences the terrifying reality of a patriarchal rule.

2. Rosa overcomes the Oppression and Male domination

The image of Rosa is brave, and struggles. She is daughter of Sicilian family, like her mother Isabella, always gives no reason for her decision of anything beyond

that is her will. Biologically she is not beautiful, since child Rosa really liked to cook, because cooking was the place for express her feeling. When Rosa felt happy or sad she was cooking. Mama was forbidding Rosa to cook, whereas for Rosa cooking was everything. And when it should ended Rosa took a suitcase and left her home to find a place for her liberation. This was beginning for Rosa to create her freedom and to become an independent woman.

Rosa decided to go to Palermo and worked as a librarian. Even though many girls mocked at Rosa dressed and called her as spinster but Rosa ignored it and carry on her life. Then Rosa was falling in love with L’Inglese the man who came to library, but her mother and her brother Luigi disagreed if Rosa had a relation with L’Inglese. Rosa thought that no body can harmed her; she has rights to choose the man she loved, and defend it. So Rosa ignored her mother and Luigi. This thing should not be done by a woman in Elizabethan era; this era forced the idea about family in which a woman especially a daughter has no right to establish anything in her life.

Rosa and L’Inglese had spending time together and it made Rosa really happy, but one thing that made Rosa struggled in her mind that she never knew the truth about L’Inglese because every time Rosa asked about what L’Inglese was doing he never told the truth. Rosa tried so hard to find the truth about L’Inglese, she asked to her brother Luigi about L’Inglese, but he said L’Inglese had killed by Him because L’Inglese was not good for Rosa. All that Rosa can do was carried on her life and start all over again.

Rosa was sick in Palermo so her younger brother Guera and Pace took her back to Castiglione, in castiglione Rosa made a new relation with her mother which was did not work when Rosa was teenager, and now they were understood each other, Rosa had mature. The communication between them now was better. But then Mother died, it made Rosa tragic, for the times time Rosa should lose somebody she loved. Rosa did not desperate of her faith; she knew has to let her mother go.

A year had Rosa passed her return to Castiglione, now Rosa ran the farm in place of her mother. As an educated woman, in this case Rosa was had better idea than her brother which anytime asked to Rosa what mother would have done in certain situation of ran the farm. She had made some changes which made her proud. Rosa introduced a proper bookkeeping system, and recorded her accounts in series of neatly written ledgers, just like those at library. Rosa bought a tractor, the first one in the region and a truck to take a produce to market. Many people jealous of Rosa advance. Rosa totally had made a progress in the farm, she said’ “I was convinced that we had to move into the future rather than continue to do things the old

fashioned way”(p.235). And what Rosa done in the farm it all gave a better outcome for her family. Rosa proved that women can be equal as men, even better.

The position of Rosa Fiore as educated woman and become worker woman, then she proves that she can be independent woman, and becomes the head of her family lead the farm, all those things only done by Rosa Fiore, she makes progress and changes women to view the world differently, that women should struggle for their rights and for better life and for better future.

Rosa Fiore struggled continually to achieve equality and to overcome oppression. In addition, she must fight the male domination in this case the mafia, against those who believe woman to be inferior who did not have power and fund, and tried to threat them as such, and she also must fights the patriarchy which represented by Don Umberto. For control male figures threaten her desire for equality and dignity. This world view reinforced by the Sogno Family, Luigi and the gangs of the Mafia, they are tried to keep Rosa in submissive position, where she was unable to express her own feelings. Nevertheless she can against it by her action and her thoughts. She never give up of Mafia authority, she fight it and stand up for the freedom and to be independent woman. She thought she can survive and overcome the oppression and repression by men, to avoid her selves from objectivity of men.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

In this chapter the writer concludes the paper analysis, and then the writer describes the suggestion of the novel.

A. Conclusions

La Cucina is a novel by Lily Prior that describes woman’s struggle, name Rosa Fiore. Rosa had a job in Palermo, and it made Rosa differs from women of in her area. In this story, Rosa becomes a librarian in Palermo. The activity was the evidence of her creativity, and that made Rosa active in the public sphere and in the domestic work. In addition, she is able to defend her life and to overcome her problems through her behavior and attitude. She would do everything to find and to make freedom and happiness. She always struggles to be obstinate, not easy to give up in facing any problem. Her courage becomes the source of strength in herself. So that, she could have a better life and she decides to begin a new life by herself.

From those explorations of strong characterization’s consciousness of Rosa Fiore, the writer conclude that Rosa Fiore is not described only as educated woman and independent but also responsible, rebellious, honest, lover, and mature woman, she also a woman who fights against the capitalism and tries to promote the emancipation of women. It is implies in her characterization through the dialogue on the novel and based on her behavior and also her attitude.

Its message to its female readers is: no matter how nondescript, bulky, and frustrated you might be, tomorrow you may run into your perfect lover, who will share not only your bed, but even your main interests, and will adore you as a goddess, and the most important thing is the relationship that we made should be base of respecting each other.

B. Suggestions

The writer suggests for those who are interested in studying about novel, especially in the Lily Prior works, they can use many approaches in comprehending the content and message in her works. Anyone who is interested in doing deeper study about novel may use many approaches that related to extrinsic or intrinsic elements of novel. And it can also use cultural studies as approach to analyze this novel.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barnet, Sylvian, Morton Berman and William Burto.Literature for Composition: Essays, Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. USA: Scott, Foresman and Company 1988.

Cott, Nancy. F The Grounding of Modern Feminism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.

Djajanegara, Soenarjati. Kritik Sastra Feminis. (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama,2003

Donovan, Josephine. Feminist Literary Critisism: Exploration in Theory. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky 1975.

Eagelton, Mary.Feminist Literary Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd 1987.

Freedman, Estelle B. No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and the Future of Women. New York: Ballantine Books 2002.

Gill, Richard.Mastering English Literature. London: Macmillan Ltd 1995.

Harris, Joanne.Customer review, La Cucina. http://www.lilyprior.com/reviews.htm Hilaire, Barnett. A. Introduction to Feminist Jurisprudence. London :Cavendish

Publishing Limited 1998.

Hooks, Bell. Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. London: Pluto Press, 2000.

Judith, Butler P. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge 1990.

Kramarae, Cheris and Dale Spender. Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge.London: Routledge 2000. London: Routledge 1997.

Margaret, Simons. A.Beauvoir and the Second Sex: Feminism, Race, and the Origins of Existentialism. Maryland USA: Rowman & Littlefield publisher Inc. 1999. Marxist Feminist, Answer.com. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/marxistfeminism.com. McGuire, Patrick and Donald McQuarie. From The Left Bank to the Mainstream:

Historical Debates and Contemporary Research in Marxist Sociology. Dix Hills, N.Y: General Hall, Inc. 1994.

McKee, Robert. Structure and Character.

http://www.writersstore.com/article.php?articles_id=244

Nurgiyantoro, Burhan. Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.2002.

Pamela, Graves. M., Helmut. Women and socialism, socialism and women: Europe between the Two World Wars. Oxford UK: Bergahn books 1998.

Ramazanoglu,Caroline.Feminism and the Contradictions of Oppression.

Ripley, Louise M. Gender Issues in Management, Marxist feminism. http://www.atkinson.yorku.ca/~lripley/pgresearch.htm.

Sargent, Lydia. Women and Revolution: A Discussion of the Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism. Boston, MA: South End Press 1981.

Selden, Raman. A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. 1991

Suharto, Sugihastuti. Kritik Sastra Feminis. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar 2002

Topics in Feminism, Stanford Online, March 2004, Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy.http://plato.stanford.edu/fundrising.com.

Weedon, Chris. Feminist Theory and the Politics of different. Massachusetts USA: Blackwell publisher1999.

Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren.Teori Kesusastraan. Jakarta: Pt. Gramedia, 1995. Woods, Alan.Marxism versus feminism: The class struggle and the emancipation of

APPENDICES

Appendix I

Appendix II

Synopsis of the novel La Cucina

The story takes places of the twentieth century, 1927, on the farm of Alcantara valley beneath the citadel of Castiglione, on the far eastern side of the island of Sicily, near the slopes of the great volcano. Here, Rosa Fiore narrates the story of her life in mid-century Sicily.

Rosa Fiore was born in 1915 she grows up in rural Sicilian house and lives with her family on the farm in the Alcantara valley beneath the citadel of Castiglione, on the eastern side of the island of Sicily, near the slopes of great volcano. In the palce where Rosa lives, there were under the power of the mafia, who has control about trade, to where the people should sell the foods and the mafia will kill the people who they think are dangerous or embarrassing.

In Castiglione to educate woman regarded as wasting of money, Rosa is the only girl at the school. Even her papa objection to send Rosa to school but her Mama insisted on sending her to the school.

At the age of 18 Rosa left Castiglione, after her argument with her mother and when the guy whom she loves has died, it is obvious that he was murdered by his father because he refused to marry someone other than Rosa. Rosa leaves her family farm in Castiglione and goes to Palermo tries to find a job and new life in Palermo.

The novel is about the struggles of Rosa Fiore, she struggled continually to achieve equality and to overcome oppression. In addition, she must fight the capitalist

domination in this case the mafia. Nevertheless she can against it by her action and her thoughts. She never gives up to mafia authority; she fights it and stands up for the freedom and to be independent woman. She thought that she can survive and overcome the oppression and repression by men, to avoid herself being an object of men.

Its message to its female readers is: no matter how nondescript, bulky, and frustrated you might be, tomorrow you may run into your perfect lover, who will share not only your bed, but even your main interests, and will adore you as a goddess, and the most important thing is the relationship that we made should be base of respecting each other.

B. Suggestions

The writer suggests for those who are interested in studying about novel, especially in the Lily Prior works, they can use many approaches in comprehending the content and message in her works. Anyone who is interested in doing deeper study about novel may use many approaches that related to extrinsic or intrinsic elements of novel. And it can also use cultural studies as approach to analyze this novel.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barnet, Sylvian, Morton Berman and William Burto.Literature for Composition: Essays, Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. USA: Scott, Foresman and Company 1988.

Cott, Nancy. F The Grounding of Modern Feminism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.

Djajanegara, Soenarjati. Kritik Sastra Feminis. (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama,2003

Donovan, Josephine. Feminist Literary Critisism: Exploration in Theory. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky 1975.

Eagelton, Mary.Feminist Literary Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd 1987.

Freedman, Estelle B. No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and the Future of Women. New York: Ballantine Books 2002.

Gill, Richard.Mastering English Literature. London: Macmillan Ltd 1995.

Harris, Joanne.Customer review, La Cucina. http://www.lilyprior.com/reviews.htm Hilaire, Barnett. A. Introduction to Feminist Jurisprudence. London :Cavendish

Publishing Limited 1998.

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APPENDICES

Appendix I

Appendix II

Synopsis of the novel La Cucina

The story takes places of the twentieth century, 1927, on the farm of Alcantara valley beneath the citadel of Castiglione, on the far eastern side of the island of Sicily, near the slopes of the great volcano. Here, Rosa Fiore narrates the story of her life in mid-century Sicily.

Rosa Fiore was born in 1915 she grows up in rural Sicilian house and lives with her family on the farm in the Alcantara valley beneath the citadel of Castiglione, on the eastern side of the island of Sicily, near the slopes of great volcano. In the palce where Rosa lives, there were under the power of the mafia, who has control about trade, to where the people should sell the foods and the mafia will kill the people who they think are dangerous or embarrassing.

In Castiglione to educate woman regarded as wasting of money, Rosa is the only girl at the school. Even her papa objection to send Rosa to school but her Mama insisted on sending her to the school.

At the age of 18 Rosa left Castiglione, after her argument with her mother and when the guy whom she loves has died, it is obvious that he was murdered by his father because he refused to marry someone other than Rosa. Rosa leaves her family farm in Castiglione and goes to Palermo tries to find a job and new life in Palermo.

The novel is about the struggles of Rosa Fiore, she struggled continually to achieve equality and to overcome oppression. In addition, she must fight the capitalist

domination in this case the mafia. Nevertheless she can against it by her action and her thoughts. She never gives up to mafia authority; she fights it and stands up for the freedom and to be independent woman. She thought that she can survive and overcome the oppression and repression by men, to avoid herself being an object of men.