cooperative learning. Cooperative learning provides the students to work more actively in groups. Acikgoz on the journal from The Turkish Online Journal of
Educational Technology stated that cooperative learning is a teaching method by which learners study by helping one another in the small groups in their learning
process in order to achieve a common objective.
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As cooperative learning has been one of the most researched teaching models, there are some effects of cooperative learning. It affects a cooperative
behavior, tolerance of diversity, and academic achievement.
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Therefore, cooperative learning is seen as a good one because it can affect some positive
aspects of the students.
2. The Kinds of Cooperative Learning
Cooperative learning has several kinds of techniques that have been developed over years and put into practice in the classroom. Robert E. Slavin
stated the techniques that are applied in the cooperative learning, such as STAD Students Team Achievement Division, CIRC Cooperative Integrated Reading
and Composition, TAI Team Accelerated Instruction, TGT Teams – Games –
Tournaments, and Jigsaw Technique.
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a. STAD Student Team Achievement Division In STAD, students are assigned to four-member learning teams that are mixed
in performance level, gender and ethnicity. The teacher presents a lesson, and then students work within their teams to make sure all team members have
mastered the lesson. Then, all students take individual quizzes on the material, at which time they may not help one another.
b. CIRC Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition CIRC is a comprehensive program for teaching reading and writing in the
upper elementary and middle grades. In most CIRC activities, students follow
20
Fatma, Funda, Mustafa, The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning on the Reading Comprehension Skills in Turkish as A Foreign Language, TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of
Educational Technology, Vol 10 Issue 4, 2011, p. 330.
21
Arends. op. cit., pp. 348-349.
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Robert E. Slavin, Cooperative Learning, New Jersey: Pearson, 1995, pp. 5-7.
a sequence of teacher instruction, team practice, team pre-assessments, and quiz. Students do not take the quiz until their teammates have determined that
they are ready. c. TAI Team Accelerated Instruction
This kind of cooperative learning shares with STAD and TGT the use of four- member mixed ability learning teams and certificates for high-performing
teams. TAI also combines cooperative learning with individualized instruction.
d. TGT Teams – Games – Tournaments
TGT was originally developed by David DeVries and Keith Edwards and it uses the same teacher presentations and team work as in STAD but replaces
the quizzes with weekly tournaments, in which students play academic games with members of other teams to contribute points to their team scores.
e. Jigsaw Technique In jigsaw technique, students work in the same four-member, heterogenous
teams as in STAD and TGT. The students are assigned chapters, short books, or other materials to read. Each team is randomly assigned to become an
“expert” on some aspect of the reading assignment.
3. The Understanding of Jigsaw Technique
