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and hesitation. The communicators must be able to initiate, terminate, maintain, repair and redirect communication.
c. Theory of Language Based on CLT
According to Richards Rodgers 2001, there are some of the characteristics of the communicative view of language as follows:
1. Language is a system for the expression of meaning.
2. The primary function of language is to allow interaction and
communication. 3.
The structure of language reflects its functional and communicative uses.
4. The primary units of language are not merely its grammatical and
structural features, but categories of functional and communicative meaning as exemplified in discourse.
d. Theory of Learning Based on CLT
In CLT, the activities used are of which involve real communication to promote learning. Moreover, the language learning comes through the use of the
language communicatively rather than through practicing the language skills. Richards Rodgers 2001 offers 4 elements which underlie the learning theory.
They are: 1. Communicative principle, which means activities that involve real
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communication to promote learning. 2.
Task principle, which means activities in which the language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks to promote learning.
Johnson, 1982. 3.
Meaningfulness principle, which means language that is meaningful to the learner, supports the learning process.
In other words, in theory of learning, activities that are used in the classrooms involve real communication, carry out the meaningful tasks and use
the language which is meaningful to the learner to promote learning.
e. The Principles of CLT
According to Larsen – Freeman 2000, there are several principles underlie the theory of CLT, which are:
1. The target language is a means for classrooms communication.
2. Activities are emphasized on the process of communication and
focused on the real language use. 3.
The important part of communicative competence is learning to use language appropriately.
4. Teachers have the responsibility to establish situations likely to
promote communication. 5.
Students are given opportunities to express their ideas and opinions.
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6. Students are given opportunities to negotiate meaning by having
communicative interaction among the students and also with the teachers.
f. The Teachers’ Roles in CLT
