the characteristics of character. f.
Reaction is the author‟s description about how a character reacts to various situation and events. Personality of the character can be seen through his
response. It is about the way of the character to something that happens in his life.
g. Direct comment i
s the author‟s comment on a person directly. Author as the creator of the story has a right to describe by himself about the character.
h. Thought is the author‟s description of what a character is thinking about.
Character is a person who can think. He will have an opinion about himself. This opinion will lead the reader to the character‟s personality.
i. Mannerism is the author‟s description of a person‟s mannerism, habits, or
idiosyncrasies. To give more knowledge, author will give the description of what the character usually does or how he does something.
2. Theory of Ethnocentrism
According to Horton and Hunt‟s Sociology, it is stated that Sunner defines ethnocentrism “as that view of things in which one‟s own group is the center of
everything and all others scaled and rated with reference to it” Horton and Hunt,
1980: 73, while Broom and Selznick define as “identification with the familiar and devaluation of the foreign” Broom and Selznick, 1977: 73. It can be
assumed that ethnocentric people think that their culture is superior. They will use their beliefs or ideas as a standard to judge others and others are just a stranger
for them.
As they feel superior, ethnocentric people will treat others as just strangers. Therefore, they usually protect their culture and one against changes.
“It is the feeling that one‟s own culture is the best in all respects and that others are in varying degrees inferior-
barbaric, heathen, or outlandish” Broom and Selznick, 1977: 73. They think that others and changes can disturb their culture.
Horton and Hunt state that according to Ardono, ethnocentric people tend to be less uneducated, more socially withdrawn, and religiously more orthodox
Horton and Hunt, 1980: 74. First characteristics of ethnocentric people are uneducated. Ethnocentrism can appear in many vary people. Horton and Hunts
reject the first characteristics because being educated or uneducated can not be a standard of ethnocentrism‟s personality. It is stated as follow:
The old, the socially secluded, the less educated, and the politically conservative may be ethnocentric but so are the young, the well educated,
the widely traveled, the politically “left” and the well to do Ray 1971. It is obvious that different type of people vary in the ideas about which they
are ethnocentric, but it is far less clear that there is any significant variation, by social background or personality type, in the degree to which
people are subject to ethnocentrism 1980: 75.
Second characteristic is withdrawn. It means that ethnocentric people tend to group themselves in order to maintain their culture. However, there are some
of ethnocentric people who do not fully draw off themselves from the world. They still have interaction with others, but they do not absorb the strange culture.
They believed that others are just inferior. Third characteristic is orthodox. Ethnocentric people will accept their
culture as the truth and follow it. Therefore, their culture can exist long time as long as members of the group can preserve and keep the culture well. It also
needs the unity of members of the group. As they think their culture is superior, changes will never be accepted. They protect the culture from external changes
that can damage the value of the culture. In fact, changes can not be prevented. It makes some cultures collapsed and extincted while the others can survive and
stable.
3. Theory of the Relation between Literature and Society
