Theoretical Framework REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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C. Theoretical Framework

This study of novel is exercising a psychological approach to attribute the problems formulated in preceding chapter. All the theories reviewed above have been selected to help the writer to account for the analysis therefore all those theories will be taken into consideration. One thing to bear in mind is that the psychological literatures consulted above are quite broad theories. The theories, somehow, overlay other field of study, especially social study. It is due to the development and revolution of theories that—from the summary above—are always augmenting its formers. Aggression as the main topic of this study would be judge by 3 out of 4 points of views albeit its utter complexity—it drops the psychoanalytic instinct theory—derived from the review of Bandura’s work. As concluded before, both the inner and outer aspects of character compose the rationale of his aggressive behavior. The explanation from Berkowitz is expected to ease and lever the difficulties traced in Bandura’s concept as it provides more practical examples and simple explanation. However the clearly stipulated belief from the two authors is that aggression comprises some factors, namely performance catharsis; aversive treatment both physical and verbal threat and insults; unfavorable changes in positive reinforcement; thwarting of goal-directed behavior as the instigators by which converge in the three notions—biological influences, psychological influences, and family influences. Review over husband-to-wife aggression studies and its related research from some journals of psychology is expected to support this study in terms of its 19 correlation with the real world. This data are expected to shows that this unpopular behavior perennially exists and to add up some information which probably useful and necessary to affirm the confirmation from psychological literature about aggression. 20

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter serves as the bases of the protocol taken by the writer in conducting his study. Besides, this chapter also provides a synopsis of the novel in conjunction with the topic elevated and gives the highlight of the approach addressed to his study. This chapter is composed from three parts which are subject matter, approach of the study, and method of the study.

A. Subject Matter

This thesis studies the second novel by Khaled Hosseini, A thousand Splendid Suns—a-402-content-page-novel published by Bloomsbury in 2007. The novel presents two main characters—who undergo countless upheaval in their journey of life—namely Mariam and Laila. Those Afghani women are trapped in a deep gap of happiness yet fortunately their love can bridge it up and bring them to meet the gate of freedom. It seems provident that their magnificent endurances come as the answer and solution to get out of their chronic problems—to get free from their husband’s impunity, Rasheed. His aggressive behavior is triggered to emerge since a time proves that his first wife fails to meet his hope for a son. Rasheed turns out to be temperamental and starts unleashing aggression over Mariam with any excuses that he can have. More often than not Rasheed shows his anger verbally by intimidating Mariam using loud voice, impatient tone, and devalued words. This is just the onset of Rasheed’s levels of aggression toward