Review of Related Studies

16 18. In analyzing a character, theory of characterization is needed because it helps to determine the characteristics of the characters in the story. It also gives guidance for the writer to define the personality of the main character by paying attention on his behaviour, speech, and thought. According to Kennedy and Gioia 2010, characterization is a technique; to create, reveal, or develop the characters p. 106. Characterization is to do with portraying fictional people whose personalities will liven up the plot and engage the reader. According to Murphy 1972, there are nine ways in which an author tries to make his characters understandable and alive for his readers; they are personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reaction, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerisms pp. 161-173. The first is personal description. Through this personal description, Murphy 1972 explains that t he author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes. Furthermore, people learn something about others by their appearance, by the way they dress, how they look, what kind of gesture they do. Gill 1995 mentions an author is usually informing or illustrating the reader something about the inner world of the character’s personality when writing about the appearance of a character p. 139. The second is character as seen by another. Murphy 1972 states the author can describe the character through the eyes and opinions of another as an alternative of describing a character directly. The readers get a reflected image. It can be seen from choice of words and phrases, shape, cleanliness, firmness, smoothness, or colour described. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 17 Third is speech. The author is able to give the readers an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what the person says. The most important evidence of all is the character’s own dialogue and behaviour. Stanton 1965 adds that in good fiction, every speech, every action is not only a step in the plot, but also a manifestation of character p. 18. The fourth is past life. An author can give readers a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character by letting them learn something about a person’s past life. This can be done through the person’s thoughts, the person’s conversations, the medium of another person or by direct comment by the author. This knowledge may help the readers to explain why a person behaves and acts as he does at the present time. Fifth is conversation of others. Character may also be presented through conversation of others and what other characters say about certain character. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give as a clue to the character of the person spoken about. The sixth is reactions. An author can also give readers a clue to a person’s character by letting them know how that person reacts to various situations and events. Gill 1995 adds that the way in which a character is reacting is one of the main ways in which authors create personality p. 144. An author can make everything a character does important. Next is direct comment. The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly. The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly through the narration, especially in third-person narrator. The