al-Afa'l al-muta'a ddiyah fi surati nuh (dirasah nawiyah tahliliah)
ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﳓﻮﻳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ(
ﲝﺚ
ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ)(s.s.i
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ:
ﺭﻳﻜﺎ ﺭﻳﻮﺍﻳﺎﱐ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺪ١٠٧٠٦٠٠٠١٤٣٤:
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
٢٠١١ﻡ١٤٣٢/ﻫـ
ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﲤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ /ﺭﻳﻜﺎ ﺭﻳﻮﺍ ﻳﺎﱐ ،ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ،ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ) (S.S.Iﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ،
ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ:
"ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ"
ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ :ﺟﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ٣ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ٢٠١١ﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ٥ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻌﺪﺓ
١٤٣٢ﻫــ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ:
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺩﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺗﺎ
ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ /ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ
ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ /ﺳﻜﺮﺗﲑﺍ
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ
ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ /ﻣﺸﺮﻓﺎ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺑﺼﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ
ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ /ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺃﲪﺪﻱ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ
ﻋﻀﻮﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ /ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎ
ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺍﳊﻤﺪﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﳓﻤﺪﻩ ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻩ ﺭﺑﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺻﺤﺒﻪ ﺃﲨﻌﲔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ.
ﻓﺒﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺑﺈﺫﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ
"ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ
ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﻭﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺟﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺷﺪﱐ
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ:
.١ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺃﺑﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ
ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
.٢ﻭﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ
ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
.٣ﻭﺇﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﳝﲔ " ﺇﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﻭﺭﻭﻳﺎﱐ" ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺭﺑﻴﺎﱐ ﺻﻐﲑﺍ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭ ﺷﺠﻌﺎﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﱵ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺃ
.٤ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﻮﱐ ﻋﻠﻮﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻴﺖ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
.٥ﺃﻣﲔ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻣﲔ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﷲ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﲔ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ)(LIPIA
ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻮﺍ ﱄ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.٦ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﺠﻌﻮﱐ ﻭﻧﺼﺤﻮﱐ ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﻭﱐ ﻇﻼﻝ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺟﺰﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺧﲑﺍﳉﺰﺍﺀ ﻭﻋﺴﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻓﻘﻬﻢ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻣﻮﺭﻫﻢ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﻢ.
ﻭﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺻﺤﺒﻪ ﺃﲨﻌﲔ ،ﺁﻣﲔ
٢٨ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ٢٠١١
٢٨ﺷﻮﺍﻝ ١٤٣٢ﻫـ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ
ﺭﻳﻜﺎ ﺭﻳﻮﺍ ﻳﺎﱐ
ﺏ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ .............................................................
ﺃ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ..........................................................
ﺝ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ......................................................
١
ﺃ.
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .............................................
٣
ﺝ .ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .....................................................
٣
ﺩ .ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .......................................................
٤
ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .......................................................
٤
ﻭ .ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .......................................................
٥
ﻩ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ
ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ......................................................
٨
ﺃ.
ﺏ .ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪﻫﺎ .........................................................
٩
ﺝ
ﺝ .ﻣﻀﻤﻮﺎ ١٠ ..........................................................
ﺩ .ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ ١٢ .......................................................
ﻩ.
ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﲟﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ١٢ . ..............................................
ﻭ .ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﳌﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ١٢ . .............................................
ﺯ .ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ١٣ . ..............................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﺃ.
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻪ ١٥ ...............................................
.١ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﻨﻪ١٦ ...................................................
.٢ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻔﻪ ١٦ ...........................................
.٣ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ١٧ ..................................................
ﺏ .ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ١٧ ......................................................
.١ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ١٨ ..............................................
.٢ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﺎ ٢٠ .........................
.٣ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﺎ ٢٠ .............................
.٤ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻮﺍﺯﺍ ٢٠ ................................
ﺩ
.٥ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ٢١ .................................
ﺝ .ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ٢٢ ............................................................
.١ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ٢٣ ..............................
.٢ﻣﺎﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﲔ ٢٣ ..................................
.٣ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻴﻞ ٢٧ ................................
ﺩ .ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ ٢٨ .............................................................
.١ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ٢٨ ...............................................
.٢ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ٣١ ............................................
.٣ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﰲ ﺍﺩﺍﺋﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ٣٨ .......................
ﻩ .ﺗﺼﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻻﺯﻣﺎ ٣٩ .................................................
ﻭ .ﺗﺼﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﻳﺎ ٤٠ .................................................
ﺯ .ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ٤٢ ........................................
.١ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ٤٢ ....................................................
.٢ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ٤٩ ...........................
ﻩ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ٥٨ .............................................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ٦٠ ........................................................
ﺝ .ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ٦١ ....................................................
ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﳌﻌﺠﺰ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰉ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﻒ ،ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺒﺪ ﺑﺘﻼﻭﺗﻪ
ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺪﻭﺀ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﲢﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺘﻮﻡ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ.
ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻭﻛﻼﻡ ﺭﺳﻮﻟﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺎ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ.
١
ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻡ
ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ.٢
١ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﴰﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﺕ( ،ﺹ٦.
٢ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺮ ،ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ) ،ﻣﺼﺮ :ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺩﺕ( ،ﺹ٢.
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٢
ﻭﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﺢ ﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻭﻓﻬﻢ
ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﺛﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ.
٣
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺎ ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﻻ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ .ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ
ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ"ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ"
ﻭﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺳﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺭﺳﻞ ﺍﷲ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﱂ ﻳﻄﻴﻌﻮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻩ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻟﻴﻌﺒﺪﻭﺍ ﺍﷲ
ﻭﻟﻴﺘﻘﻮﻩ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳﺰﺩ ﺇﳝﺎﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﻪ ﺟﻬﺮﺍﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻡ ﺳﺮﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ.
ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ
ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺇﻻ ﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺣﺮﻑ
ﺕ ﹺﺑ ﺰﻳ ﺪ"ﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻄﻬﺮ ،ﻟﻮﻥ
ﺍﳉﺮ ﳓﻮ " :ﻣ ﺮ ﺭ
ﻛﺈﺳﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ،ﻋﻴﺐ ﻛﻌﻮﺭ ،ﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻜﺤﻞ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﺤﺴﻦ ،ﺍﻧﻔﻌﻞ
ﻛﺎﻧﻜﺴﺮ ،ﺃﻓﹾﻌ ﹶﻞ ﻛﺄﺯﻭﺭ ،ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﺯﻭﺍﺭ ،ﺍﻓﹾﻌﻨﻠﻞ ﻛﺎﺣﺮﳒﻢ ،ﺇﻓﻌﻠﻞ ﻛﺎﻃﻤﺄﻥ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ،
ﻭﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ
ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﳓﻮ:
٣ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳍﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻠﻲ ،ﳐﺘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ) ،ﺟﺪﺓ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻗﻂ ،(١ﺹ٥.
٣
ﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻫﺮﹰﺍ" ،ﻭﰲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺼﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﻳﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ
" ﹶﻇﻨﻨﺘ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺃﲝﺜﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﻟﻜﲏ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﲝﺚ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
.١ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﺎﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ
.٢ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻭﻣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻻﺯﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﻳﺎ
.٣ﻣﺎﻵﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ.
ﺝ .ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ:
.١ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﺎ ﻭﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ
.٢ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ
.٣ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ
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ﺩ .ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﳍﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﳘﻴﺔﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
.١ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ ﻭﻣﻀﻤﻮﺎ ﻭﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ
ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
.٢ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ
.٣ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
ﻫـ .ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻣﻨﻬﺠﲔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ
ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﲝﺚ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ .ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻪ ﰲ
ﻣﻈﺎﻧﻪ ،ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻈﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ
ﺃﺣﻠﹼﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺮﺃﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ.
٤ﳏﻤﺪ ﺭﺍﻭﺱ ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ﺟﻲ ،ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ،ﺹ١٩ .
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ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ
ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ،ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ:
Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiyah (Skripsi, Tesis dan Disertasi) UIN Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta, ٢٠٠٧
ﻭ.
ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻪ ،ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻪ ،ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ،
ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻪ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻪ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﶈﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻀﻤﻮﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ
ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺎﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﺴﺎﻣﻪ ﻭﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ ﻭﺗﺼﻴﲑ
ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻻﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ
ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺡ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻛﺮ ﶈﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ.
ﻭﺍﲰﻪ ﻧﻮﺡ ﺑﻦ ﳌﻚ ﻣﺘﻮﺷﻠﺦ ﺑﻦ ﺧﻨﻮﺡ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﺩﺭﻳﺲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻬﻼﺋﻴﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻗﻴﻨﻦ ﺑﻦ
ﺃﻧﻮﺵ ﺑﻦ ﺷﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺃﻣﻪ ﻗﻴﻨﻮﺵ ﺑﻨﺖ ﺭﺍﻛﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﺑﻨﺖ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻦ ﳐﻮﺋﻴﻞ ﺑﻦ
ﺍﺧﻨﻮﺥ ﺃﺭﺳﻠﻪ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﱃ ﻭﻟﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻟﺪ ﺷﻴﺖ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ
ﰲ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﲔ ﻏﻠﻴﻆ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﺪ ﻛﺜﲑ ﳊﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺬﻳﻦ ﺿﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ
ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎ ٥،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺁﺩﻡ ﲟﺎﺋﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺳﺖ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ،
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﻣﻮﺕ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﺳﺖ ﻭﺍﺭﺑﻌﻮﻥ
ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻝ :ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ
ﺸ ﺮ ﹶﺓ ﹸﻗ ﺮ ﻭ ﻥ ﹸﻛﱡﻠ ﻬ ﻢ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺍﹾﻟﺎ ﺳﻠﹶﺎ ﹺﻡ.
ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻭﻧﻮﺡ ﻋ
ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﱪﻩ ﻓﻘﻴﻞ ﲟﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﳉﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﺑﺬﻳﻞ
ﺟﺒﻞ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﲟﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻛﺮﻙ.
٥
ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺃﰊ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﺪﺍﺩﻱ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ
١٩٩٤ﻡ( ،ﻁ ،١ﺝ ،١٥ﺹ٧٦.
٦
٧
ﻭﻧﻮﺡ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻭﻟﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﺭﺳﻠﻪ ﺍﷲ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻛﱪﺍﻻﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ
ﻭﺷﻴﺦ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﲔ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﲬﺴﻴﻨﻌﺎﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ
ﻓﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻫﻮ ،ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ
ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺸﻖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ،ﻭﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻦ
ﺡ ﹶﺛﻠﹶﺎﺛﹶﺔ
ﷲ ﻋﹶﻠﻴ ﻪ ﻭ ﺳﱠﻠ ﻢ ﻭﹶﻟ ﺪ ﻟﻨ ﻮ ﹴ
ﺻﻠﱠﻰ ﺍ ُ
ﷲ
ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﲰﺮﺓ ﺑﻦ ﺟﻨﺪﺏ ﻗﺎﻝ :ﹶﻗﺎﹶﻝ ﺭ ﺳ ﻮ ﹺﻝ ﺍ ِ
ﺴ ﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻳﺎﻓﹶﺚ ﹶﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺮ ﻙ
ﺏ ﻭﻓﹶﺎﺭﹺﺱ ﻭﺣﺎﻡ ﹶﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟ
ﺚ ﹶﻓﺴﺎﻡ ﹶﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻌ ﺮ ﹺ
ﺳﺎﻡ ﻭﺣﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﺎﹶﻓ ﹾ
ﻭﻳ ﹾﺄ ﺟﻮﺝ ﻭ ﻣ ﹾﺄ ﺟﻮﺝ ،ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻫﺒﻂ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﺫﺭﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﺛﻼﺛﺎ ﻓﺠﻌﻞ ﻟﺴﺎﻡ
ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺩﺟﻠﺔ ﻭﺟﻴﺤﻮﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ
ﻗﻴﺴﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﳊﺎﻡ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ
ﻏﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺭﻳﺢ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻴﺤﻮﻥ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻳﺎﻓﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﺴﻮﻥ
ﻓﻤﺎﻭﺭﺍﺀﻩ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎ ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺫﺭﻳﺘﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﲔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﺇﻧﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳒﺰﻯ ﺍﶈﺴﻨﲔ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﻣﻨﲔ".
٦
ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﺣﺎ ﻣﻜﺚ ﰲ
ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺇﻻ ﲬﺴﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﺇﺑﺘﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﻌﺪ
٦ﻗﺼﺺ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺮﺍﺋﺲ ﺍﺎﻟﺲ ،ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺑﻦ ﺇ ﺳﺤﻖ ﺍﲪﺪﺑﻦ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻌﻠﱯ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻁ،(٤ﺹ٧٦.
٨
ﺳﺘﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ٧.ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ٣٥٠ﺳﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ
ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻗﺎﻝ ٤٨٠ﺳﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺚ ﺍﷲ ﻧﻮﺣﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﲦﻨﲔ ﺳﻨﺔ ﰒ
ﺩﻋﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻧﺒﻮﺗﻪ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺳﺘﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ﰒ ﻣﻜﺚ ﺑﻌﺪ
ﺫﻟﻚ ﺛﻼﲦﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﲬﺴﲔ ﺳﻨﺔ ،ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻖ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﺆﺭﺧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺭﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ
ﻭﻫﻮﺳﺘﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺵ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﺛﻼﲦﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﲬﺴﲔ ﺳﻨﺔ.
٨
ﻭﻗﺼﺔ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻑ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﻭﻫﻮﺩ
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮﺕ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻴﺖ ﺑﻦ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻧﻮﺡ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﰲ ٤٣ﻣﻮﺿﻌﺎ.
ﺃ.
ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ
ﺇﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﲦﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﱃ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﱃ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﺍﲨﺎﻝ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﻪ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻪ ﰒ ﺷﻜﻮﺍﻩ ﺍﱃ ﺭﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ.
٩
٧ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ ،ﻗﺼﺺ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ)،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺩﺕ( ،ﺹ٤٧.
٨ﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ١٤٩٧ﻫـ( ،ﺩ ﻁ ،ﺝ ،٢٩
ﺹ١٤٤.
٩
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎ ﻃﺒﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ(،ﻁ ،١ﺝ
،٢٠ﺹ٢٦.
٩
ﻭﲰﻴﺖ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻻﺷﺘﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ ﻟﻘﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻬﻢ
ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﺎﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻣﻬﻢ ،ﻭﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ.
١٠
ﻭﺍﻓﺘﺘﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳋﱪ ،ﻭﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ
ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺔ.
ﺏ .ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪﻫﺎ:
ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ :ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﳝﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻃﻠﺐ
ﺗﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺬﻧﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻷﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻛﻔﺮ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ
ﻭﻋﻘﺎﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ.
١١
ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ :٢٥
#Y‘$|ÁΡr& «!$# Èβρߊ ÏiΒ Μçλm; (#ρ߉Ågs† óΟn=sù #Y‘$tΡ (#θè=Åz÷Šé'sù (#θè%Íøîé& öΝÍκÉJ≈t↔ÿ‹ÏÜyz $£ϑÏiΒ
ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﺫﻧﻮﻢ ﺃﻏﺮﻗﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﻓﺄﺩﺧﻠﻮﻫﻢ ﻧﺎﺭﺍ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱪﺯﺥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺬﺏ ﺎ ﺍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻧﺎﺭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻵﻳﺔ
١٠ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻃﻨﻄﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ) ،ﻣﺼﺮ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺩﺕ( ،ﺝ ،١٥ﺹ١١٥ .
١١ﺍﲪﺪ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻏﻲ ،ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻏﻲ) ،ﺩﻣﺸﻖ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ١٩٧٤ﻡ( ،ﻁ ،٥ﺝ ،١٥ﺹ ٩١
١٠
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺯﺥ ﺇﺫ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻏﺮﻗﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﰒ ﺳﻴﺪﺧﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ
ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ.
١٢
ﺝ .ﻣﻀﻤﻮﺎ:
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻨﻴﺖ ﺑﻐﺮﺱ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ
ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻻﳝﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻃﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺻﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻭﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ.
ﻭﺍﻓﺘﺘﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻧﻮﺣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﺧﺘﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻥ
ﻛﻔﺮﻗﻮﻣﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺻﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﻋﻘﺎﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ﻭﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﳍﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ.
١٣
ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺿﺮﺑﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﳌﺸﺮﻛﻲ ﻗﻮﻣﻬﻮﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺰﻝ ﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ
ﻛﻔﺮﻫﻢ ﻭﺷﺮﻛﻬﻢ ،ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺃﻣﺘﻬﺈﱃ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﻪ
ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺎﺻﺤﺔ ﰒ ﺑﺎﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰒ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻏﻴﺐ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻫﻴﺐ.
ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻨﻬﺞ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﻪ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ:
١٢ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎ ﻃﺒﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ،ﺝ ،٢٠ﺹ٣٦.
١٣ﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ،ﺝ ،٢٩ﺹ١٣٤.
١١
ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﻮﺩ:
∩⊄∈∪ êÎ7•Β փɋtΡ öΝä3s9 ’ÎoΤÎ) ÿϵÏΒöθs% 4’n#x‹tã öΝä3ø‹n=tæ ß∃%s{r& þ’ÎoΤÎ) ( ©!$# āωÎ) (#ÿρ߉ç7÷ès? āω βr
ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﺮ ﺑﻨﻌﻢ ﺍﷲ ﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺬﻛﲑﻫﻢ ﲞﻠﻘﻬﻢ ،ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ
ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ﻭﲣﻠﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺬﻛﲑ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﲞﻠﻘﻪ ﻭﺧﻠﻖ
ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﳍﻢ ﺑﺒﺪﺍﺋﻊ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻭﺗﺬﻛﲑﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ،١٤ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻻﳝﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺻﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺘﻪ،
١٥
ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳓﻮﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ:
þ’ÎoΤÎ) §ΝèO ∩∇∪ #Y‘$yγÅ_ öΝåκèEöθtãyŠ ’ÎoΤÎ) ¢ΟèO ∩∈∪ #Y‘$yγtΡuρ Wξø‹s9 ’ÍΓöθs% ßNöθtãyŠ ’ÎoΤÎ) Éb>u‘ tΑ$s%
& ) ∩∪ #Y‘#uó Î) öΝçλm; ßNö‘uó r&uρ öΝçλm; àMΖn=ôãrﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻕ(ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ.
١٦
١٤ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻫﺮﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ) ،ﺗﻮﻧﺲ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﻌﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺩﺕ( ،ﺝ ،١٢ﺹ.
١٨٥
١٥
ﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ،ﺝ ،٢٩ﺹ١٣٤.
١٦ﳏﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﻳﺶ ،ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﻪ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺇﺑﻦ ﻛﺜﲑ(،ﻁ ،٤ﺹ٢٢٤.
١٢
ﺩ .ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ
ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ:
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﻭﺣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻭﺟﺐ ﻷﻱ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ
ﺑﻪ ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺎﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﱯ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻌﻮﺙ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﺍﷲ ﻋﺰﻭﺟﻞ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ
ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻧﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﱰﻭﻝ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﱰﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ.
ﻫـ .ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﲟﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ:
ﺇﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ":
∪⊃⊆∩
tβρâ‘ω≈s)s9 $¯ΡÎ) É>Ì≈tópRùQ$#uρ É−Ì≈t±pRùQ$# Éb>tÎ/ ãΝÅ¡ø%é& Iξsù
" ∩⊆⊇∪ tÏ%θç6ó¡yϑÎ/ ßøtwΥ $tΒuρ ÷Λàι÷ΨÏiΒ #Zöyz tΑÏd‰t7œΡ βr& #’n?tãﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻏﺮﺍﻗﻬﻢ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺁﻣﻦ ،ﻭﺇﺑﺪﺍﳍﻢ ﲟﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺧﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻜﺄﺎ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ،ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﻮﻋﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺭ.
ﻭ .ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﳌﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﻴﺊ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ،ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺬﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺼﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ
ﺗﻌﺎﱃ(#θè%Íøîé& öΝÍκÉJ≈t↔ÿ‹ÏÜyz $£ϑÏiΒ":
١٣
∩⊄∈∪ #Y‘$|ÁΡr& «!$# Èβρߊ ÏiΒ Μçλm; (#ρ߉Ågs† óΟn=sù #Y‘$tΡ (#θè=ÅzŠ÷ é'sù
" ،ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ
ﺍﻵﻳﺔ
ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻔﺮﻭﺍ ﺭﺑﻜﻢ ﻭﺟﺎﺀ ﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ
." ∩⊇∉∪ $]%y‰xî ¹!$¨Β
ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎΝßγ≈oΨø‹s)ó™V{ Ïπs)ƒÌ©Ü9$# ’n?tã (#θßϑ≈s)tFó™$# Èθ©9r&uρ":
١٧
ﺯ .ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ:
ﺩﻋﻰ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﺏ ﺍﱃ ﻗﻠﻮﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﳝﺎﻥ
ﺑﺼﺪﻕ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﻼﺹ ﰲ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﻭﺧﺸﻴﺔ ﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ
ﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ١٨،ﻭﺑﻴﺎﳕﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﳌﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﺄﺱ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺘﻬﻢ
ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻣﻨﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻣﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﻋﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪﺍﷲ ﰲ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ،
ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻩ.
١٩
١٧ﺍﲪﺪ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻏﻲ ،ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻏﻲ ،ﻁ ،٥ﺝ ،١٥ﺹ٩٢،٧٨.
١٨ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻃﻨﻄﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ،ﺝ ،١٥ﺹ١٢٤.
١٩ﺃﰊ ﺑﻜﺮﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ،ﺍﻳﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺳﲑ) ،ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺭﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ( ،ﻁ ،٥ﺝ ،٥ﺹ٤٤٥.
١٤
ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺑﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺣﱴ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺭﻛﻮﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ،ﻷﻥ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻭﺣﻲ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﷲ ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ
ﻫﻮﺩtÏ%©!$# ’Îû Í_ö7ÏÜ≈sƒéB Ÿωuρ $oΨÍŠômuρuρ $uΖÏ⊥ã‹ôãr'Î/ y7ù=à.ø9$# ÆìoΨô¹$#uρ Æ:
∩⊂∠∪ tβθè%tøó•Β Νåκ¨ΞÎ) 4 (#þθßϑn=sß
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ
ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳚﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺮﻃﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ،ﺭﺳﻢ
ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﱪ ﻭﺗﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺑﺼﱪ ﲨﻴﻞ ﻭ
ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻏﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻫﻴﺐ ،ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ،ﺗﺬﻛﹼﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﻌﺬﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﳌﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﻳﺎ ﻛﻘﺼﺔ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻧﻮﺡ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺧﻄﺎﻳﺎﻫﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﻭﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻧﺎﺭ
ﺟﻬﻨﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻏﺮﺍﻗﻬﻢ ﻓﻠﻢ ﳚﺪﻭﺍ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﺃﺣﺪﺍ ﳝﻨﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ٢٠،ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻯ ﷲ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺻﺨﺐ ﻭﻻ ﻧﺼﺐ٢١،ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻔﺎﺭ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺫﻧﺐ ﻓﻌﻠﻨﺎ
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻔﺎﺭ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ.
٢٠ﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ،ﺝ ،٢٩ﺹ١٥٣.
٢١ﺍﰊ ﺑﻜﺮﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ،ﺍﻳﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺳﲑ ،ﺝ ،٥ﺹ٤٤٤.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﻟﻘﺪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻦ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ
ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﲔ ﻓﻴﻤﻦ ﺍﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻢ
ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺍﰊ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺍﺳﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺅﱃ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻫﻢ ﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ
ﻭﺍﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺍﺳﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺅﱄ.
ﻭﻧﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻷﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺑﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﻜﻨﻪ
ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺎﺑﻴﻠﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﻵﺷﻮﺭﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﺪﺍﻧﻴﲔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻫﺎﺟﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﺭﺑﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ
ﳍﺬﺍﺃﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ.
ﺃ.
٢٢
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻪ:
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺰﻣﻦ ٢٣،ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﻤﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ
ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻪ
٢٢ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺮ ،ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ،ﺹ١٨.
٢٣ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﲪﺪ ﻛﺮﺧﻰ ،ﺍﳌﻴﺴﺮ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﺯﻛﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺩﺕ( ،ﺹ٣٥.
١٥
١٦
.١ﺍﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻣﻌﲎ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺠﺎﺀ ﻭﺿﺮﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻫﻮﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﲎ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻛﻴﻀﺮﺏ ﻭﳚﻴﺊ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻫﻮﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺑﻐﲑ ﻻﻡ
ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﹺﺈﺿﺮﺏ ﻭﺟﻴ ﹾﺊ.
.٢ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻔﻪ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ:
ﺃ(
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﺮﻓﺎ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ :ﻛﺘﺐ ﻭﺿﺮﺏ،
ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﻫﻮﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺃﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ
ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﳘﺰﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻀﻌﻔﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺣﺮﻭﻓﻪ
ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﳘﺰﺓ ﳓﻮ ﻗﺮﺃ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺣﺮﻭﻓﻪ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺮﺭﺍ ﻟﻐﲑ
ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻤ ﺪ ﻭﻣ ﺮ.
ﺏ( ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﳓﻮ :ﻭ ﻋ ﺪ ﻭ ﻗﹶﺎ ﹶﻝ ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ
ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ :ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺎﺅﻩ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﳓﻮ ﻭﻋﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻮﻑ
ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﲔ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻛﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﻉ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻻﻣﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ
ﺿ ﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﻗﻰ
ﻛﺮﻣﻰ ﻭ ﺭ
١٧
ﻭﺭﻣﻲ ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻟﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﲔ ﳓﻮ :ﻧﻮﻯ،
ﻭﻟﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﺮﻗﲔ ﳓﻮ :ﻭﻗﹶﻰ ﻭ ﻭﻓﹶﻰ.
٢٤
.٣ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﺍﻭﳍﻤﺎ ﻻﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣ�
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﳓﻮﻳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ(
ﲝﺚ
ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ)(s.s.i
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ:
ﺭﻳﻜﺎ ﺭﻳﻮﺍﻳﺎﱐ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺪ١٠٧٠٦٠٠٠١٤٣٤:
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
٢٠١١ﻡ١٤٣٢/ﻫـ
ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﲤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ /ﺭﻳﻜﺎ ﺭﻳﻮﺍ ﻳﺎﱐ ،ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ،ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ) (S.S.Iﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ،
ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ:
"ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ"
ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ :ﺟﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ٣ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ٢٠١١ﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ٥ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻌﺪﺓ
١٤٣٢ﻫــ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ:
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺩﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺗﺎ
ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ /ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ
ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ /ﺳﻜﺮﺗﲑﺍ
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ
ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ /ﻣﺸﺮﻓﺎ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺑﺼﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ
ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ /ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺃﲪﺪﻱ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ
ﻋﻀﻮﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ /ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎ
ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺍﳊﻤﺪﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﳓﻤﺪﻩ ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻩ ﺭﺑﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺻﺤﺒﻪ ﺃﲨﻌﲔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ.
ﻓﺒﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺑﺈﺫﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ
"ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ
ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﻭﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺟﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺷﺪﱐ
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ:
.١ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺃﺑﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ
ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
.٢ﻭﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ
ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
.٣ﻭﺇﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﳝﲔ " ﺇﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﻭﺭﻭﻳﺎﱐ" ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺭﺑﻴﺎﱐ ﺻﻐﲑﺍ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭ ﺷﺠﻌﺎﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﱵ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺃ
.٤ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﻮﱐ ﻋﻠﻮﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻴﺖ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
.٥ﺃﻣﲔ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻣﲔ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﷲ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﲔ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ)(LIPIA
ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻮﺍ ﱄ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.٦ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﺠﻌﻮﱐ ﻭﻧﺼﺤﻮﱐ ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﻭﱐ ﻇﻼﻝ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺟﺰﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺧﲑﺍﳉﺰﺍﺀ ﻭﻋﺴﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻓﻘﻬﻢ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻣﻮﺭﻫﻢ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﻢ.
ﻭﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺻﺤﺒﻪ ﺃﲨﻌﲔ ،ﺁﻣﲔ
٢٨ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ٢٠١١
٢٨ﺷﻮﺍﻝ ١٤٣٢ﻫـ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ
ﺭﻳﻜﺎ ﺭﻳﻮﺍ ﻳﺎﱐ
ﺏ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ .............................................................
ﺃ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ..........................................................
ﺝ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ......................................................
١
ﺃ.
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .............................................
٣
ﺝ .ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .....................................................
٣
ﺩ .ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .......................................................
٤
ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .......................................................
٤
ﻭ .ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .......................................................
٥
ﻩ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ
ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ......................................................
٨
ﺃ.
ﺏ .ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪﻫﺎ .........................................................
٩
ﺝ
ﺝ .ﻣﻀﻤﻮﺎ ١٠ ..........................................................
ﺩ .ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ ١٢ .......................................................
ﻩ.
ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﲟﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ١٢ . ..............................................
ﻭ .ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﳌﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ١٢ . .............................................
ﺯ .ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ١٣ . ..............................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﺃ.
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻪ ١٥ ...............................................
.١ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﻨﻪ١٦ ...................................................
.٢ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻔﻪ ١٦ ...........................................
.٣ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ١٧ ..................................................
ﺏ .ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ١٧ ......................................................
.١ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ١٨ ..............................................
.٢ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﺎ ٢٠ .........................
.٣ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﺎ ٢٠ .............................
.٤ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻮﺍﺯﺍ ٢٠ ................................
ﺩ
.٥ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ٢١ .................................
ﺝ .ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ٢٢ ............................................................
.١ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ٢٣ ..............................
.٢ﻣﺎﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﲔ ٢٣ ..................................
.٣ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻴﻞ ٢٧ ................................
ﺩ .ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ ٢٨ .............................................................
.١ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ٢٨ ...............................................
.٢ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ٣١ ............................................
.٣ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﰲ ﺍﺩﺍﺋﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ٣٨ .......................
ﻩ .ﺗﺼﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻻﺯﻣﺎ ٣٩ .................................................
ﻭ .ﺗﺼﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﻳﺎ ٤٠ .................................................
ﺯ .ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ٤٢ ........................................
.١ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ٤٢ ....................................................
.٢ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ٤٩ ...........................
ﻩ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ٥٨ .............................................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ٦٠ ........................................................
ﺝ .ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ٦١ ....................................................
ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﳌﻌﺠﺰ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰉ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﻒ ،ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺒﺪ ﺑﺘﻼﻭﺗﻪ
ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺪﻭﺀ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﲢﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺘﻮﻡ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ.
ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻭﻛﻼﻡ ﺭﺳﻮﻟﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺎ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ.
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ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻡ
ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ.٢
١ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﴰﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﺕ( ،ﺹ٦.
٢ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺮ ،ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ) ،ﻣﺼﺮ :ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺩﺕ( ،ﺹ٢.
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ﻭﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﺢ ﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻭﻓﻬﻢ
ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﺛﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ.
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ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺎ ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﻻ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ .ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ
ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ"ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ"
ﻭﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺳﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺭﺳﻞ ﺍﷲ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﱂ ﻳﻄﻴﻌﻮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻩ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻟﻴﻌﺒﺪﻭﺍ ﺍﷲ
ﻭﻟﻴﺘﻘﻮﻩ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳﺰﺩ ﺇﳝﺎﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﻪ ﺟﻬﺮﺍﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻡ ﺳﺮﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ.
ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ
ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺇﻻ ﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺣﺮﻑ
ﺕ ﹺﺑ ﺰﻳ ﺪ"ﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻄﻬﺮ ،ﻟﻮﻥ
ﺍﳉﺮ ﳓﻮ " :ﻣ ﺮ ﺭ
ﻛﺈﺳﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ،ﻋﻴﺐ ﻛﻌﻮﺭ ،ﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻜﺤﻞ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﺤﺴﻦ ،ﺍﻧﻔﻌﻞ
ﻛﺎﻧﻜﺴﺮ ،ﺃﻓﹾﻌ ﹶﻞ ﻛﺄﺯﻭﺭ ،ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﺯﻭﺍﺭ ،ﺍﻓﹾﻌﻨﻠﻞ ﻛﺎﺣﺮﳒﻢ ،ﺇﻓﻌﻠﻞ ﻛﺎﻃﻤﺄﻥ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ،
ﻭﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ
ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﳓﻮ:
٣ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳍﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻠﻲ ،ﳐﺘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ) ،ﺟﺪﺓ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻗﻂ ،(١ﺹ٥.
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ﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻫﺮﹰﺍ" ،ﻭﰲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺼﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﻳﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ
" ﹶﻇﻨﻨﺘ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺃﲝﺜﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﻟﻜﲏ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﲝﺚ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
.١ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﺎﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ
.٢ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻭﻣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻻﺯﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﻳﺎ
.٣ﻣﺎﻵﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ.
ﺝ .ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ:
.١ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﺎ ﻭﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ
.٢ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ
.٣ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ
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ﺩ .ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﳍﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﳘﻴﺔﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
.١ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ ﻭﻣﻀﻤﻮﺎ ﻭﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ
ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
.٢ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ
.٣ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
ﻫـ .ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻣﻨﻬﺠﲔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ
ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﲝﺚ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ .ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻪ ﰲ
ﻣﻈﺎﻧﻪ ،ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻈﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ
ﺃﺣﻠﹼﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺮﺃﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ.
٤ﳏﻤﺪ ﺭﺍﻭﺱ ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ﺟﻲ ،ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ،ﺹ١٩ .
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ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ
ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ،ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ:
Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiyah (Skripsi, Tesis dan Disertasi) UIN Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta, ٢٠٠٧
ﻭ.
ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻪ ،ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻪ ،ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ،
ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻪ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻪ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﶈﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻀﻤﻮﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ
ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺎﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﺴﺎﻣﻪ ﻭﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ ﻭﺗﺼﻴﲑ
ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻻﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ
ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺡ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻛﺮ ﶈﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ.
ﻭﺍﲰﻪ ﻧﻮﺡ ﺑﻦ ﳌﻚ ﻣﺘﻮﺷﻠﺦ ﺑﻦ ﺧﻨﻮﺡ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﺩﺭﻳﺲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻬﻼﺋﻴﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻗﻴﻨﻦ ﺑﻦ
ﺃﻧﻮﺵ ﺑﻦ ﺷﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺃﻣﻪ ﻗﻴﻨﻮﺵ ﺑﻨﺖ ﺭﺍﻛﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﺑﻨﺖ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻦ ﳐﻮﺋﻴﻞ ﺑﻦ
ﺍﺧﻨﻮﺥ ﺃﺭﺳﻠﻪ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﱃ ﻭﻟﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻟﺪ ﺷﻴﺖ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ
ﰲ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﲔ ﻏﻠﻴﻆ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﺪ ﻛﺜﲑ ﳊﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺬﻳﻦ ﺿﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ
ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎ ٥،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺁﺩﻡ ﲟﺎﺋﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺳﺖ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ،
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﻣﻮﺕ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﺳﺖ ﻭﺍﺭﺑﻌﻮﻥ
ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻝ :ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ
ﺸ ﺮ ﹶﺓ ﹸﻗ ﺮ ﻭ ﻥ ﹸﻛﱡﻠ ﻬ ﻢ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺍﹾﻟﺎ ﺳﻠﹶﺎ ﹺﻡ.
ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻭﻧﻮﺡ ﻋ
ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﱪﻩ ﻓﻘﻴﻞ ﲟﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﳉﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﺑﺬﻳﻞ
ﺟﺒﻞ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﲟﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻛﺮﻙ.
٥
ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺃﰊ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﺪﺍﺩﻱ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ
١٩٩٤ﻡ( ،ﻁ ،١ﺝ ،١٥ﺹ٧٦.
٦
٧
ﻭﻧﻮﺡ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻭﻟﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﺭﺳﻠﻪ ﺍﷲ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻛﱪﺍﻻﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ
ﻭﺷﻴﺦ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﲔ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﲬﺴﻴﻨﻌﺎﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ
ﻓﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻫﻮ ،ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ
ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺸﻖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ،ﻭﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻦ
ﺡ ﹶﺛﻠﹶﺎﺛﹶﺔ
ﷲ ﻋﹶﻠﻴ ﻪ ﻭ ﺳﱠﻠ ﻢ ﻭﹶﻟ ﺪ ﻟﻨ ﻮ ﹴ
ﺻﻠﱠﻰ ﺍ ُ
ﷲ
ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﲰﺮﺓ ﺑﻦ ﺟﻨﺪﺏ ﻗﺎﻝ :ﹶﻗﺎﹶﻝ ﺭ ﺳ ﻮ ﹺﻝ ﺍ ِ
ﺴ ﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻳﺎﻓﹶﺚ ﹶﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺮ ﻙ
ﺏ ﻭﻓﹶﺎﺭﹺﺱ ﻭﺣﺎﻡ ﹶﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟ
ﺚ ﹶﻓﺴﺎﻡ ﹶﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻌ ﺮ ﹺ
ﺳﺎﻡ ﻭﺣﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﺎﹶﻓ ﹾ
ﻭﻳ ﹾﺄ ﺟﻮﺝ ﻭ ﻣ ﹾﺄ ﺟﻮﺝ ،ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻫﺒﻂ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻭﺫﺭﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﺛﻼﺛﺎ ﻓﺠﻌﻞ ﻟﺴﺎﻡ
ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺩﺟﻠﺔ ﻭﺟﻴﺤﻮﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ
ﻗﻴﺴﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﳊﺎﻡ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ
ﻏﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺭﻳﺢ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻴﺤﻮﻥ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻳﺎﻓﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﺴﻮﻥ
ﻓﻤﺎﻭﺭﺍﺀﻩ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎ ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺫﺭﻳﺘﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﲔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﺇﻧﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳒﺰﻯ ﺍﶈﺴﻨﲔ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﻣﻨﲔ".
٦
ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﺣﺎ ﻣﻜﺚ ﰲ
ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺇﻻ ﲬﺴﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﺇﺑﺘﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﻌﺪ
٦ﻗﺼﺺ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺮﺍﺋﺲ ﺍﺎﻟﺲ ،ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺑﻦ ﺇ ﺳﺤﻖ ﺍﲪﺪﺑﻦ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻌﻠﱯ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻁ،(٤ﺹ٧٦.
٨
ﺳﺘﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ٧.ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ٣٥٠ﺳﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ
ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻗﺎﻝ ٤٨٠ﺳﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺚ ﺍﷲ ﻧﻮﺣﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﲦﻨﲔ ﺳﻨﺔ ﰒ
ﺩﻋﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻧﺒﻮﺗﻪ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺳﺘﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ﰒ ﻣﻜﺚ ﺑﻌﺪ
ﺫﻟﻚ ﺛﻼﲦﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﲬﺴﲔ ﺳﻨﺔ ،ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻖ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﺆﺭﺧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺭﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ
ﻭﻫﻮﺳﺘﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺵ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﺛﻼﲦﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﲬﺴﲔ ﺳﻨﺔ.
٨
ﻭﻗﺼﺔ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻑ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﻭﻫﻮﺩ
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮﺕ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻴﺖ ﺑﻦ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻧﻮﺡ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﰲ ٤٣ﻣﻮﺿﻌﺎ.
ﺃ.
ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ
ﺇﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﲦﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﱃ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﱃ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﺍﲨﺎﻝ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﻪ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻪ ﰒ ﺷﻜﻮﺍﻩ ﺍﱃ ﺭﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ.
٩
٧ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ ،ﻗﺼﺺ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ)،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺩﺕ( ،ﺹ٤٧.
٨ﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ١٤٩٧ﻫـ( ،ﺩ ﻁ ،ﺝ ،٢٩
ﺹ١٤٤.
٩
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎ ﻃﺒﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ(،ﻁ ،١ﺝ
،٢٠ﺹ٢٦.
٩
ﻭﲰﻴﺖ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻻﺷﺘﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ ﻟﻘﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻬﻢ
ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﺎﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻣﻬﻢ ،ﻭﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ.
١٠
ﻭﺍﻓﺘﺘﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳋﱪ ،ﻭﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻣﻜﻴﺔ
ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺔ.
ﺏ .ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪﻫﺎ:
ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ :ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﳝﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻃﻠﺐ
ﺗﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺬﻧﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻷﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻛﻔﺮ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ
ﻭﻋﻘﺎﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ.
١١
ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ :٢٥
#Y‘$|ÁΡr& «!$# Èβρߊ ÏiΒ Μçλm; (#ρ߉Ågs† óΟn=sù #Y‘$tΡ (#θè=Åz÷Šé'sù (#θè%Íøîé& öΝÍκÉJ≈t↔ÿ‹ÏÜyz $£ϑÏiΒ
ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﺫﻧﻮﻢ ﺃﻏﺮﻗﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﻓﺄﺩﺧﻠﻮﻫﻢ ﻧﺎﺭﺍ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱪﺯﺥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺬﺏ ﺎ ﺍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻧﺎﺭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻵﻳﺔ
١٠ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻃﻨﻄﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ) ،ﻣﺼﺮ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺩﺕ( ،ﺝ ،١٥ﺹ١١٥ .
١١ﺍﲪﺪ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻏﻲ ،ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻏﻲ) ،ﺩﻣﺸﻖ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ١٩٧٤ﻡ( ،ﻁ ،٥ﺝ ،١٥ﺹ ٩١
١٠
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺯﺥ ﺇﺫ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻏﺮﻗﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﰒ ﺳﻴﺪﺧﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ
ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ.
١٢
ﺝ .ﻣﻀﻤﻮﺎ:
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻨﻴﺖ ﺑﻐﺮﺱ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ
ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻻﳝﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻃﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺻﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻭﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ.
ﻭﺍﻓﺘﺘﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻧﻮﺣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﺧﺘﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻥ
ﻛﻔﺮﻗﻮﻣﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺻﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﻋﻘﺎﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ﻭﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﳍﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ.
١٣
ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺿﺮﺑﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﳌﺸﺮﻛﻲ ﻗﻮﻣﻬﻮﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺰﻝ ﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ
ﻛﻔﺮﻫﻢ ﻭﺷﺮﻛﻬﻢ ،ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺃﻣﺘﻬﺈﱃ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﻪ
ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺎﺻﺤﺔ ﰒ ﺑﺎﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰒ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻏﻴﺐ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻫﻴﺐ.
ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻨﻬﺞ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﻪ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ:
١٢ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎ ﻃﺒﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ،ﺝ ،٢٠ﺹ٣٦.
١٣ﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ،ﺝ ،٢٩ﺹ١٣٤.
١١
ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﻮﺩ:
∩⊄∈∪ êÎ7•Β փɋtΡ öΝä3s9 ’ÎoΤÎ) ÿϵÏΒöθs% 4’n#x‹tã öΝä3ø‹n=tæ ß∃%s{r& þ’ÎoΤÎ) ( ©!$# āωÎ) (#ÿρ߉ç7÷ès? āω βr
ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﺮ ﺑﻨﻌﻢ ﺍﷲ ﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺬﻛﲑﻫﻢ ﲞﻠﻘﻬﻢ ،ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ
ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ﻭﲣﻠﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺬﻛﲑ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﲞﻠﻘﻪ ﻭﺧﻠﻖ
ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﳍﻢ ﺑﺒﺪﺍﺋﻊ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻭﺗﺬﻛﲑﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ،١٤ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻻﳝﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺻﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺘﻪ،
١٥
ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳓﻮﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ:
þ’ÎoΤÎ) §ΝèO ∩∇∪ #Y‘$yγÅ_ öΝåκèEöθtãyŠ ’ÎoΤÎ) ¢ΟèO ∩∈∪ #Y‘$yγtΡuρ Wξø‹s9 ’ÍΓöθs% ßNöθtãyŠ ’ÎoΤÎ) Éb>u‘ tΑ$s%
& ) ∩∪ #Y‘#uó Î) öΝçλm; ßNö‘uó r&uρ öΝçλm; àMΖn=ôãrﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻕ(ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ.
١٦
١٤ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻫﺮﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ) ،ﺗﻮﻧﺲ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﻌﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺩﺕ( ،ﺝ ،١٢ﺹ.
١٨٥
١٥
ﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ،ﺝ ،٢٩ﺹ١٣٤.
١٦ﳏﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﻳﺶ ،ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﻪ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺇﺑﻦ ﻛﺜﲑ(،ﻁ ،٤ﺹ٢٢٤.
١٢
ﺩ .ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ
ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ:
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﻭﺣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻭﺟﺐ ﻷﻱ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ
ﺑﻪ ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺎﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﱯ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻌﻮﺙ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﺍﷲ ﻋﺰﻭﺟﻞ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ
ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻧﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﱰﻭﻝ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﱰﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ.
ﻫـ .ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﲟﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ:
ﺇﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ":
∪⊃⊆∩
tβρâ‘ω≈s)s9 $¯ΡÎ) É>Ì≈tópRùQ$#uρ É−Ì≈t±pRùQ$# Éb>tÎ/ ãΝÅ¡ø%é& Iξsù
" ∩⊆⊇∪ tÏ%θç6ó¡yϑÎ/ ßøtwΥ $tΒuρ ÷Λàι÷ΨÏiΒ #Zöyz tΑÏd‰t7œΡ βr& #’n?tãﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻏﺮﺍﻗﻬﻢ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺁﻣﻦ ،ﻭﺇﺑﺪﺍﳍﻢ ﲟﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺧﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻜﺄﺎ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ،ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﻮﻋﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺭ.
ﻭ .ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﳌﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﻴﺊ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ ،ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺬﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺼﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ
ﺗﻌﺎﱃ(#θè%Íøîé& öΝÍκÉJ≈t↔ÿ‹ÏÜyz $£ϑÏiΒ":
١٣
∩⊄∈∪ #Y‘$|ÁΡr& «!$# Èβρߊ ÏiΒ Μçλm; (#ρ߉Ågs† óΟn=sù #Y‘$tΡ (#θè=ÅzŠ÷ é'sù
" ،ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ
ﺍﻵﻳﺔ
ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻔﺮﻭﺍ ﺭﺑﻜﻢ ﻭﺟﺎﺀ ﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ
." ∩⊇∉∪ $]%y‰xî ¹!$¨Β
ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎΝßγ≈oΨø‹s)ó™V{ Ïπs)ƒÌ©Ü9$# ’n?tã (#θßϑ≈s)tFó™$# Èθ©9r&uρ":
١٧
ﺯ .ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ:
ﺩﻋﻰ ﻧﻮﺡ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﺏ ﺍﱃ ﻗﻠﻮﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﳝﺎﻥ
ﺑﺼﺪﻕ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﻼﺹ ﰲ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﻭﺧﺸﻴﺔ ﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ
ﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ١٨،ﻭﺑﻴﺎﳕﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﳌﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﺄﺱ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺘﻬﻢ
ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻣﻨﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻣﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﻋﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪﺍﷲ ﰲ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ،
ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻩ.
١٩
١٧ﺍﲪﺪ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻏﻲ ،ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻏﻲ ،ﻁ ،٥ﺝ ،١٥ﺹ٩٢،٧٨.
١٨ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻃﻨﻄﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ،ﺝ ،١٥ﺹ١٢٤.
١٩ﺃﰊ ﺑﻜﺮﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ،ﺍﻳﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺳﲑ) ،ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺭﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ( ،ﻁ ،٥ﺝ ،٥ﺹ٤٤٥.
١٤
ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺑﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺣﱴ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺭﻛﻮﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ،ﻷﻥ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻭﺣﻲ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﷲ ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ
ﻫﻮﺩtÏ%©!$# ’Îû Í_ö7ÏÜ≈sƒéB Ÿωuρ $oΨÍŠômuρuρ $uΖÏ⊥ã‹ôãr'Î/ y7ù=à.ø9$# ÆìoΨô¹$#uρ Æ:
∩⊂∠∪ tβθè%tøó•Β Νåκ¨ΞÎ) 4 (#þθßϑn=sß
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ
ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳚﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺮﻃﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ،ﺭﺳﻢ
ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﱪ ﻭﺗﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺑﺼﱪ ﲨﻴﻞ ﻭ
ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻏﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻫﻴﺐ ،ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ،ﺗﺬﻛﹼﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﻌﺬﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﳌﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﻳﺎ ﻛﻘﺼﺔ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻧﻮﺡ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺧﻄﺎﻳﺎﻫﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﻭﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻧﺎﺭ
ﺟﻬﻨﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻏﺮﺍﻗﻬﻢ ﻓﻠﻢ ﳚﺪﻭﺍ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﺃﺣﺪﺍ ﳝﻨﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ٢٠،ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻯ ﷲ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺻﺨﺐ ﻭﻻ ﻧﺼﺐ٢١،ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻔﺎﺭ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺫﻧﺐ ﻓﻌﻠﻨﺎ
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻔﺎﺭ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ.
٢٠ﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ،ﺝ ،٢٩ﺹ١٥٣.
٢١ﺍﰊ ﺑﻜﺮﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ،ﺍﻳﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺳﲑ ،ﺝ ،٥ﺹ٤٤٤.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺡ
ﻟﻘﺪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻦ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ
ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﲔ ﻓﻴﻤﻦ ﺍﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻢ
ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺍﰊ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺍﺳﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺅﱃ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻫﻢ ﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ
ﻭﺍﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺍﺳﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺅﱄ.
ﻭﻧﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻷﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺑﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﻜﻨﻪ
ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺎﺑﻴﻠﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﻵﺷﻮﺭﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﺪﺍﻧﻴﲔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻫﺎﺟﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﺭﺑﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ
ﳍﺬﺍﺃﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ.
ﺃ.
٢٢
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻪ:
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺰﻣﻦ ٢٣،ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﻤﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ
ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻪ
٢٢ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺮ ،ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ،ﺹ١٨.
٢٣ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﲪﺪ ﻛﺮﺧﻰ ،ﺍﳌﻴﺴﺮ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﺯﻛﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺩﺕ( ،ﺹ٣٥.
١٥
١٦
.١ﺍﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻣﻌﲎ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺠﺎﺀ ﻭﺿﺮﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻫﻮﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﲎ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻛﻴﻀﺮﺏ ﻭﳚﻴﺊ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻫﻮﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺑﻐﲑ ﻻﻡ
ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﹺﺈﺿﺮﺏ ﻭﺟﻴ ﹾﺊ.
.٢ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻔﻪ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ:
ﺃ(
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﺮﻓﺎ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ :ﻛﺘﺐ ﻭﺿﺮﺏ،
ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﻫﻮﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺃﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ
ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﳘﺰﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻀﻌﻔﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺣﺮﻭﻓﻪ
ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﳘﺰﺓ ﳓﻮ ﻗﺮﺃ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺣﺮﻭﻓﻪ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺮﺭﺍ ﻟﻐﲑ
ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻤ ﺪ ﻭﻣ ﺮ.
ﺏ( ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﳓﻮ :ﻭ ﻋ ﺪ ﻭ ﻗﹶﺎ ﹶﻝ ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ
ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ :ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺎﺅﻩ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﳓﻮ ﻭﻋﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻮﻑ
ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﲔ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻛﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﻉ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻻﻣﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ
ﺿ ﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﻗﻰ
ﻛﺮﻣﻰ ﻭ ﺭ
١٧
ﻭﺭﻣﻲ ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻟﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﲔ ﳓﻮ :ﻧﻮﻯ،
ﻭﻟﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﺮﻗﲔ ﳓﻮ :ﻭﻗﹶﻰ ﻭ ﻭﻓﹶﻰ.
٢٤
.٣ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﺍﻭﳍﻤﺎ ﻻﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣ�