40 elements in a reason cased especially reason and conclusion, identifying and
evaluating assumptions, clarifying and interpreting expression and ideas, and judging the acceptability especially the credibility of a claim. Next, basic critical
thinking skills are also including; evaluating arguments of different kinds, analyzing, evaluating and producing explanations, analyzing, evaluating and
making decisions, drawing inferences, and producing arguments.
2.4.1.3 Principles of Critical Thinking
In order to uncover the principles of critical thinking, Fisher 2001 contrasts critical thinking to unreflective thinking. He believes that reflective
thinking is gained through the development of critical thinking and vice versa. Thus, the underlying principles of critical thinking proposed by Fisher 2001 are
better explained on the ideas presented by experts as follows. 1.
Identifies and summaries problem at issue Stonewater Walcott, 2005 2.
Investigative approach Fairburn Winch, 1996 3.
Identifies other’s point of view Hart, 1998 4.
Identifies own perspective and position Stonewater Walcott, 2005 5.
Evaluation to a greater public knowledge Hay, 1996 6.
Generate alternatives solutions Wallace Wray, 2006
41
2.2 Theoretical Framework
In conducting this research, the theories employed are the theory of critical review, the theory of critical reading and writing, and the theory of advanced level
of readers. Critical review is seen deeply on the point of critique that needs to be performed to show a deeper understanding and position towards what have been
read. This theory is mainly employed to identify the implementation of the nature and the aspects of critical review in teaching and learning activities. Thus, the
aspects and nature presented in critical review will be the basic foundation of the components of the observation, questionnaire and interview. The aspects and
nature is adapted to several supported forms and theories proposed by experts in critical reading and writing.
Critical review is seen in terms of its process to achieve the critique point which in the further implementation contains of the process of reading the text
critically and writing what have been read critically. By employing the basic ideas of critical review, this research aims to figure out the teaching process of critical
reading and critical writing in the integrated-skills course which in this particular research is Critical Reading and Writing 1 class. The theory of critical review in
this research serves as the core theory in which the ideas of it will serve as the main theory for further analysis. The analysis is conducted by comparing and
contrasting the teaching and learning activities in the practical level to the ideas of the philosophical level in the theory. In order to explain the relation among the
theories better, the researcher provided the figure as follows.
