LANGUAGE STYLE OF JOKOWI’S POLITICAL SPEECH.
LANGUAGE STYLE OF JOKOWI’S POLITICAL SPEECH
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program as
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By :
NURLAILA THAIB
Registration Numer : 8146111046
ENGLISH APPLIED LIMGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2016
ABSTRAK
NURLAILA THAIB, Reg.No.8146111046. Gaya Bahasa dalam Pidato
Kenegaraan Jokowi. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program
Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan, 2016.
Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan gaya bahasa yang digunakan Jokowi di dalam
pidato pelantikannya. Data dikumpulkan dari ujaran-ujaran Jokowi di dalam
pidato tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan model kualitatif deskriptif. Alat yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah rekaman video dan catatan ujaran Jokowi.
Data berasal dari ujaran-ujaran Jokowi yang mengandung gaya bahasa retoris dan
figuratif. Data dianalisi dengan menggunakan model interaktif oleh Miles and
Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat sepuluh jenis gaya
bahasa retoris terdapat di dalam pidato pelantikan Jokowi, yaitu: aliterasi,
asonansi, anastrof, asyndeton, pleonasma, tautology, perifrase, prolepsis,
hiperbola, dan paradox. Untuk gaya bahasa figurative, ditemukan delapan jenis
gaya bahasa, yaitu: simile, metafora, alegori, personifikasi, metonimi,
antonomasia, ironi, dan sinekdok. Gaya bahasa retoris ternyata masih
mempertahankan makna asli dari sebuah kata, dan hampir keseluruhan gaya
bahasa retoris yang ditemukan di dalam pidato Jokowi tidak menunjukkan
penyimpangan makna. Namun pada penggunaan gaya bahasa figurative,
ditemukan makna yang berbeda dari makna sebenarnya sehingga membentuk
makna yang baru. Proses penggunaan gaya bahasa retoris dan figuratif dalam
menyusun naskah pidatonya dilakukan dengan menambahkan beberapa kata dan
penjelasan, merubah posisi subjek kalimat, menghilangkan kata, mengganti kata
atau frase, dan merujuk pada struktur kalimat. Adapun tujuan gaya bahasa retoris
dan figuratif digunakan di dalam pidato pelantikan Jokowi adalah untuk
meningkatkan perasaan pendengar, membujuk para pendengar, menambah efek
keindahan kalimat, menjelaskan gagasan yang disampaikan, mempengaruhi
perasaan dan fikiran pendengar, menegaskan gagasan si pembicara, dan
menyesuaikan dengan struktur kalimat.
i
ABSTRACT
NURLAILA THAIB, Reg. No. 8146111046. Language Style of Jokowi’s
Political Speech. English Applied Linguistics, Pascasarjana Program, State
University of Medan, 2016.
This study deals with language style used by Jokowi in his inaugural speech. The
data were taken from Jokowi’s utterances. This study employs qualitative
descriptive design. The instruments used in this study are downloading and
transcribing. The data of this study were Jokowi’s utterances which consist of
rhetorical and figurative style. The data were analyzed by using the model of
Miles and Huberman. The finding shows that there there are ten rhetorical styles
found in Jokowi’s inaugural speech; alliteration, assonance, anastrophe,
asyndeton, pleonasm, tautology, periphrases, prolepsis, hyperbole, and paradox
Furthermore, there are eight figurative styles occur in Jokowi’s inaugural speech,
namely simile, metaphor, allegory, personification, metonymy, antonomasia,
irony, and synecdoche. The rhetorical styles keep maintaining the real meaning,
and mostly the use of the style doesn’t give particular changing to the meaning of
words uttered by Jokowi in his speech. However, the use of figurative style shows
the non-literal meaning, since the meaning of the words form new meanings.The
process of Jokowi’s uses rhetorical and figurative style in composing the
inaugural speech is done by adding more words and explanation, reversing the
position of subject, omitting some words replacing words or phrases, and referring
to the grammatical pattern of sentence. The uses of rhetorical and figurative style
in Jokowi’s inaugural speech are for some purposes, those are: to increase the
listeners’ taste, to persuade the listeners, to increase the artistic effect, to clarify
idea, to influence the listeners’ feeling and thinking, to emphasize idea of the
speaker and to make the sentence congruent grammatically.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
All praises belong to Allah SWT, who has commanded us to spread peace to
all mankind and also who gave health, chance and capability to the writer so this
thesis on “Language Styles of Jokowi’s Political Speech” came to completion. May
peace and blessing of Allah SWT be upon prophet Muhammad SAW, who
introduced us good behaviors.
Foremost, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude to her
advisors, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd and Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd for the
continuous support and guidance to accomplish the thesis, and for their patience,
motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge given to the writer. Moreover, the
writer would like to express her thanks to the examiners, for their suggestions,
comments and questions for the thesis improvement. Their guidance helped her all
the time of research and writing this thesis. Besides her advisors and examiners, she
would like to thank to all lectures of English Applied Linguistic program for their
encouragement and insights.
Sincere are expressed to her parents, Alm. H. Muhammad Thaib and Hj.
Ummi Kalsum for their love, support and all contribution in the writer’s life. Deepest
gratitude is also dedicated to her husband, Hendriawan, SH for his never ending
iii
support, love and care. Her special thanks are also expresses to her children, Khalila
Hendriawan and Dzaki Hendriawan who had become her biggest strength in
completing her study. This Thesis is dedicated to them. The writer will always love
and pray for them. Her special thanks also go to her parents in law, Syamsuar
Pilliang and Ramlah, for their support and understanding, to all brothers and sisters
especially Baruna big family, who always cheered the writer up when she was down,
and to all friends, especially in A3 class. Thanks for giving her colorful and
unforgettable friendship. The writer’s memory of them will never fade away. Finally,
thanks to all the people who have helped the writer during the process of conducting
this research whose names are not mentioned here.
May Allah SWT, The Almighty and The Merciful, blesses them all. The
writer realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestion
and criticism will be accepted for the improvement of this thesis.
Medan, March 2016
The writer
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………….. i
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ……………………………………………………
iii
LIST OF TABLE …………………………………………………………...
v
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...................................................................
1
1.1. The Background of the Study .................................................................
1
1.2. The Problems of the Study ....................................................................
6
1.3. The Objectives of the Study ...................................................................
7
1.4. The Scope of the Study ..........................................................................
7
1.5. The Significance of the Study.................................................................
8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..............................................
9
2.1
9
Language Style .......................................................................................
2.2 Kinds of Language Style…………………. .............................................
12
2.3 Meaning ...................................................................................................
13
2.4 Style Based on Direct and Indirect Meaning ...........................................
15
2.5 Indirect Meaning ......................................................................................
16
2.5.1 Rhetorical Meaning ....................................................................
16
2.5.2 Figurative Meaning .....................................................................
20
2.6
The Function of Language Style .............................................................
24
2.7
Speech ………………………………………………………………….
25
Types of Speech ……………………………………… ...........
26
2.8
Political Speech ………………………………………………………..
28
2.9
“Jokowi” The President of Indonesia …………………………………
29
2.10 Relevant Studies .....................................................................................
30
2. 11 Conceptual Framework .........................................................................
30
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ..............................................
34
3.1
Research Design ....................................................................................
34
3.2. Data and Data Source ............................................................................
35
3.3. Technique of Data Collection ................................................................
35
2.7.1
v
3.4. Technique of Data Analysis ..................................................................
36
3.5
The Trustworthiness ...............................................................................
38
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDNGS, AND DISCUSSIONS .....
40
4.1. Data ..........................................................................................................
40
4.2 Data Analysis ...........................................................................................
40
4.2.1. Types of Rhetorical and Figurative Style Used by Jokowi in
His Political Speech ....................................................................
40
4.2.1.1 Types of Rhetorical Style in Jokowi’s Political
Speech ...............................................................................
40
4.2.1.2 Types of Figurative Style in Jokowi’s Political
Speech ...............................................................................
44
4.2.2. The Way Rhetorical and Figurative Style Used in Jokowi’s
Political Speech ...........................................................................
4.2.3
46
The Reasons of Using Rhetorical and Figurative Style in
Jokowi’s Political Speech .............................................................
48
4.2.2.1 The Reason of Using Rhetorical Style in Jokowi’s
Political Speech ................................................................
48
4.2.2.2 The Reason of Using Figurative Style in Jokowi’s
Political Speech ................................................................
56
4.3
Data Condensation ...........................................................................
63
4.4
Data Display ....................................................................................
65
4.5
Conclusion Drawing/Verification....................................................
66
4.6
Findings ...........................................................................................
68
4.7
Discussion ........................................................................................
71
CHAPTER VCONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS..............................
73
5.1. Conclusions ...............................................................................................
73
5.2. Suggestions ...............................................................................................
74
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................
75
APPENDIX ………………………………………………………………….
78
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 4.1. Alliteration ..........................................................................................41
Table 4.2. Assonance ...........................................................................................41
Table 4.3. Anastrophe .........................................................................................41
Table 4.4. Asyndeton ...........................................................................................42
Table 4.5. Pleonasm.............................................................................................42
Table 4.6. Tautology ............................................................................................42
Table 4.7. Periphrases ..........................................................................................43
Table 4.8. Prolepsis……………………………………………………………..43
Table 4.9. Hyperbole ...........................................................................................43
Table 4.10. Paradox.............................................................................................44
Table 4. 11.Simile ...............................................................................................44
Table 4.12. Metaphor ..........................................................................................44
Table 4.13. Allegory ...........................................................................................45
Table 4.14. Antonomasia ....................................................................................45
Table 4.15. Personification .................................................................................45
Table 4.16. Metonymy ........................................................................................45
Table 4.17. Irony .................................................................................................46
Table 4.18. Synecdoche. .....................................................................................46
Table 4.19. The Occurrences of Rhetorical Style in Jokowi’s Speech ...............66
Table 4.20. The Occurrences of Figurative Style in Jokowi’s Speech ...............66
Table 4.21. The Percentage Occurrences of Rhetorical Style .............................67
Table 4.22. The Percentage Occurrences of Figurative Style .............................68
Table 4.23. Comparison Table between Theories and Research Findings .........72
vii
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Background of the Study
Humans are different from other creatures in the universe since they use
language to facilitate them to transfer information among them. Varshney (1998: 4)
defines language as a set of conventional communicative signals used by humans for
communication in community. Language in this sense becomes a possession of a social
group, an indispensable set of rules which permits its members to relate to each other, to
interact with each other and to cooperate with each other. Spolsky (1998:14) mentions
that language must go beyond language in social context which deals with the real
“text” that makes up human communication and the social situations in which the
language is used. Therefore, it is obvious that language is needed by human in every
aspect of life.
However, language is complex. It is not enough for the speakers just to know
the meaning of his or her utterances, but the context of situation and the context of the
culture must be understood, whether it is in a public or a private, formal or informal
situation, who is being addressed, and who might hear the utterances. Moreover, Hymes
(1974: 105) states that the ways individuals speech convey varieties aspects, not only
their original and social dialects but also according to the context. The distinctive
manner in which people express themselves in a particular situation is referred to as
1
2
style. Style is like personality. It indicates the manner and the way of writing, speaking
or doing in which covers a set of individual characteristic.
Style refers to variation which is not associated with grammar or rules of
language. Otherwise, it is a deviation from a standard or norm of a language as stated by
Hymes (1974: 106) that all of speech which is referable to the set of styles in the
repertoire of a person or community is taken as concerned with departure or deviation
from a norm of the intention of the source (as it is with some writers and speakers). The
use of certain language styles in a speech might add some effects on the utterances as
well as the meaning conveyed in the utterances. Moreover, Keraf (2009: 112) states that
style is the way to express thought through distinctive language which shows one’s soul
and personality. Hence, someone’s character can be judged from the way he or she uses
the language. The better language someone uses the better judgement he or she gets.
The variation of language style can be found in any kind of speech, particularly
political speeches. In politics, the function of language is limited as a device to express
the extent of power. Therefore, the use of language in politics is not easily understood
by common people who do not have good understanding in politics. Language
facilitates the idea of a certain country in manifesting political wills and accompanying
political actions with other countries in the world wide. Beard (2000:18) mentions that
the language in politic is a means of presenting and shaping argument. Language, then,
could be regarded as the vehicle of politicians since provides the opportunity for
politicians to explore the resources available through language to manipulate words to
suit their intension.
3
Politics always related to the political discourse. According
to
Schaffner
(1996), political discourse, as a sub-category of discourse in general, can be based
on two criteria: functional and thematic. Political discourse is a result of politics and it
is historically and culturally determined. It fulfills different functions due to different
political activities. It is thematic because its topics are primarily related to politics
such as
political activities, political ideas and political relations. They are all
characterized by the fact that they are spoken or written by (or for) primary political
actors. A political discourse, therefore, is a discourse in any political forum, such as
campaigns, parliamentary debates, interviews, speeches or writing.
Speech on the other hand is a connected discourse. This is not speech in the
narrow sense of the spoken word but speech in the more inclusive sense. Any speech
made places major emphasis on the language used to accomplish its goal, but political
speeches place higher importance than others as they convey two elements, namely
persuasive and aesthetic. It is persuasive is when a language in a speech technically
used to persuade, to invite and to convince the audience. Aesthetic, on the other hand,
aims to attract the audience’s attention that can be reflected through the word choices
and the appropriate style. A speech may serve a politician as an effective weapon or
trump card if it is efficiently delivered and he or she is prepared to convincingly present
arguments. The strength of a speech reflects his/her ability to persuade or to motivate
the audience to be addressed by the speech.
In addition, the language contains in a political speech delivered by the president
must have a proper choice of styles so that the ideas will be accepted appropriately by
4
the listeners. The styles used by a president in his or her political speeches need more
deliberation than in others because the president’s utterances will influence the survival
of his people and will become a reference for the subordinate officers and guidelines for
all the people under his or her government.
Jokowi is the president of Indonesia for period 2014-2019. Jokowi owns some
unique characteristics, not only from the way he dresses but also the way he speaks in
Javanese accent captured national and international’s attention. He is Indonesia’s most
talked-about figure because of his down to earth. The way he delivers his speech is
identical with simple, brief and straight to the point that makes him different with the
former presidents. As quoted from the Jakartapost.com in the inaugural speech, from
the structure of his speech and the former president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the
most apparent different their speeches is the matter of length.
(http://thejakartapost.com/news/first_impressions_matter_jokowi_s_innaugural_speech.
html//)
Hence, listeners could identify Jokowi as someone who prefers to keep things
simple. It is found that from the organization of the speech, Jokowi tended to be
unclassifiable since he described his broad vision for a stronger Indonesia frankly.
However, it led him communicate his desire to the audience successfully.
The researcher takes the inaugural speech of Jokowi as the object of the study.
The researcher is interested to discuss deeply Jokowi’s political speech based on the
language style. Therefore, the researcher will explore the language style based on the
indirect meaning; rhetorical and figurative language style.
5
There are many rhetorical and figurative language found in Jokowi’s political
speech in inaugural ceremony which is recorded on 5th October 2015 from
http://m.detik.com/news/berita/ini-pidato-lengkap-jokowi-saat-pelantikan-presiden//),
one of them we can see from the following sentences:
Kini saatnya, bersama-sama melanjutkan ujian sejarah berikutnya yang maha
berat, yakni mencapai dan mewujudkan Indonesia yang berdaulat dibidang
politik (This is the time, together to continue the next difficult historic test that is
to reach and bring Indonesia into political sovereign country.. )
The word maha in the sentence above is a form of rhetorical language used by
Jokowi in hyperbole form. Hyperbole is an extravagant statement; the use of
exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect. The word “maha”
in Bahasa Indonesia is only addressed to God, the creator of universe. Jokowi used this
word in order to make the strong sense that his next duties will be very hard or difficult.
The used of rhetorical language in pleonasm form found in sentence bangsa
besar yang kreatif yang bisa ikut menyumbangkan keluruhan bagi peradaban global
(great creative nation that can contribute the nobleness to the global civilization), the
words bangsa besar is categorized as pleonasm since it is being understood that
Indonesia is a great country. Therefore the word besar is redundant. Pleonasm is the use
of more words than those necessary to denote mere sense.
Sebagai nakhoda yang dipercaya oleh rakyat, saya mengajak semua warga
bangsa untuk naik ke atas kapal Republik Indonesia dan berlayar bersama
menuju Indonesia Raya. (As the captain who is trusted by the citizen, I invite all
of the nation to aboard on the ship of Indonesian Republic and to sail together
toward Indonesia Raya)
6
The word nakhoda in the sentence above is the form of figurative meaning in
simile form. Smile is an explicit comparison between two things which has different
reality. Jokowi used the word nakhoda instead of president to show that his duty is like
a captain that is responsible to lead the nation as his crew to reach the same destination.
The word kapal and berlayar also belong to simile. It is related to the word
nakhoda that his leadership is regarded as a big boat where all of the Indonesian people
as the passengers and we will sail across the ocean together toward the better Indonesia.
Those rhetorical and figurative styles are used on purpose by Jokowi. It is
believed the selected expressions used by him (maha besar, bangsa besar, nakhoda,
kapal and berlayar) are aimed to convince the people of Indonesia about his idea. To
some extends it could be he wants to warn other politicians not to look down to him as
the new elected president.
In accordance with the explanation above, the researcher wonders as to what
types of rhetorical and figurative styles are used in Jokowi’s political speech. The
researcher will focus her analysis on the utterances of Jokowi, and conduct her analysis
based on the types of language style proposed by Gorys Keraf (2009: 129).
1.2. The Problems of the Study
Based on the explanation given in the background, the problems of the study are
formulated in the following questions:
1. What types of rhetorical and figurative language style are used by Jokowi in his
political speech?
7
2. How are the rhetorical and figurative language styles used by Jokowi in his political
speech?
3. Why does Jokowi use certain rhetorical and figurative language styles in his
political speech the way they are?
1.3. The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of study can be described as follows:
1. To describe the types of rhetorical and figurative language styles used by Jokowi
in his political speech
2. To describe the ways of rhetorical and figurative language styles used by Jokowi
in his political speech.
3. To state the reason of using the rhetorical and figurative language styles in
Jokowi’s political speech.
1.4. The Scope of the Study
As stated in the previous explanation that direct and indirect language style can
occur also in political speech. This study attempts to investigate the use of direct and
indirect language style in Jokowi’s political speech in the inaugural ceremony. The
aspects to be observed are the occurrences of rhetorical and figurative language styles.
8
1.5. The Significance of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be theoretically and significantly
relevant in some respects. Theoretically, the findings are expected to enrich the theories
of language style specifically in speech which is delivered by public figure for certain
purpose, mainly the political speech. This study considers being useful initially to
provide the information of kinds of language style used by the leader of a nationpresident in his political speech. This contribution will in turn give tentative framework
for a comprehensive analysis of language style.
Practically, since this study focuses on language style, so hopefully it is useful
for teachers to apply the findings of the research at school, and also practice the
language style in their speech. This will accelerate the students to deliver their speeches
in various styles, thus they will not be clumsy to speak in front of public not only for
now but also in the future after they graduate from school, in the real society.
73
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
1.1 Conclusion
After analyzing the whole utterances of Jokowi deliberately, the conclusions are
drawn as follows:
1. There are ten rhetorical styles found in Jokowi’s inaugural speech. They are
alliteration, assonance, anastrophe, asyndeton, pleonasm, tautology, periphrases,
prolepsis, hyperbole, and paradox Furthermore, there are eight figurative styles
occur in Jokowi’s inaugural speech, namely simile, metaphor, allegory,
personification, metonymy, antonomasia, irony, and synecdoche.
The rhetorical styles keep maintaining the real meaning, and mostly the use of the
style doesn’t give particular changing to the meaning of words uttered by Jokowi in
his speech. However, the use of figurative style shows the non-literal meaning,
since the meaning of the words form new meanings.
2. The process of Jokowi’s uses rhetorical and figurative style in composing the
inaugural speech is done by by adding more words and explanation, reversing the
position of subject, omitting some words, replacing words or phrases, and referring
to the grammatical pattern of sentence.
3. The uses of rhetorical and figurative style in Jokowi’s inaugural speech are for
some purposes, those are: to increase the listeners’ taste, to persuade the listeners,
to increase the artistic effect, to clarify idea, to influence the listeners’ feeling and
73
74
thinking, to emphasize idea of the speaker and to make the sentence congruent
grammatically.
1.2
Suggestions
In line with the conclusions that have been stated, some suggestions are offered to
the readers, especially for those who are interested in doing further study on language
style based on the indirect meaning as follows:
1. The way someone use the language style can be a reflection of his character.
Therefore for the politicians, they need to make deep consideration in composing
their speech. Instead of gaining sympathy, they can get hatred from the listeners.
2. For teachers who teach language, it is recommended to dig their knowledge about
language style. Through the knowledge they can teach and guide their students to be
able to make good speeches.
3. For other researchers to conduct further research dealing with rhetorical and
figurative style found in speeches of other figures, such as the academics in order to
find out the differences of styles used by politician and the academics in their
speeches.
75
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Wardaugh, R. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd
Website visited
http://en.m.wikipedia.org.joko_widodo// Retrieved 5th October 2015
http://EnzineArticles.com/expert/Barbara_A_Toney/787424// Retrieved 27th October
2015
http://thejakartapost.com/news/first_impressions_matter_jokowi_s_innaugural_speech.
html// Retrieved 5th October 2015
http://m.detik.com/news/berita/ini-pidato-lengkap-jokowi-saat-pelantikan-presiden//).
Retrieved 5th October 2015
//www.literarydevices.com// Retrieved 27th October 2015
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program as
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By :
NURLAILA THAIB
Registration Numer : 8146111046
ENGLISH APPLIED LIMGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2016
ABSTRAK
NURLAILA THAIB, Reg.No.8146111046. Gaya Bahasa dalam Pidato
Kenegaraan Jokowi. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program
Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan, 2016.
Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan gaya bahasa yang digunakan Jokowi di dalam
pidato pelantikannya. Data dikumpulkan dari ujaran-ujaran Jokowi di dalam
pidato tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan model kualitatif deskriptif. Alat yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah rekaman video dan catatan ujaran Jokowi.
Data berasal dari ujaran-ujaran Jokowi yang mengandung gaya bahasa retoris dan
figuratif. Data dianalisi dengan menggunakan model interaktif oleh Miles and
Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat sepuluh jenis gaya
bahasa retoris terdapat di dalam pidato pelantikan Jokowi, yaitu: aliterasi,
asonansi, anastrof, asyndeton, pleonasma, tautology, perifrase, prolepsis,
hiperbola, dan paradox. Untuk gaya bahasa figurative, ditemukan delapan jenis
gaya bahasa, yaitu: simile, metafora, alegori, personifikasi, metonimi,
antonomasia, ironi, dan sinekdok. Gaya bahasa retoris ternyata masih
mempertahankan makna asli dari sebuah kata, dan hampir keseluruhan gaya
bahasa retoris yang ditemukan di dalam pidato Jokowi tidak menunjukkan
penyimpangan makna. Namun pada penggunaan gaya bahasa figurative,
ditemukan makna yang berbeda dari makna sebenarnya sehingga membentuk
makna yang baru. Proses penggunaan gaya bahasa retoris dan figuratif dalam
menyusun naskah pidatonya dilakukan dengan menambahkan beberapa kata dan
penjelasan, merubah posisi subjek kalimat, menghilangkan kata, mengganti kata
atau frase, dan merujuk pada struktur kalimat. Adapun tujuan gaya bahasa retoris
dan figuratif digunakan di dalam pidato pelantikan Jokowi adalah untuk
meningkatkan perasaan pendengar, membujuk para pendengar, menambah efek
keindahan kalimat, menjelaskan gagasan yang disampaikan, mempengaruhi
perasaan dan fikiran pendengar, menegaskan gagasan si pembicara, dan
menyesuaikan dengan struktur kalimat.
i
ABSTRACT
NURLAILA THAIB, Reg. No. 8146111046. Language Style of Jokowi’s
Political Speech. English Applied Linguistics, Pascasarjana Program, State
University of Medan, 2016.
This study deals with language style used by Jokowi in his inaugural speech. The
data were taken from Jokowi’s utterances. This study employs qualitative
descriptive design. The instruments used in this study are downloading and
transcribing. The data of this study were Jokowi’s utterances which consist of
rhetorical and figurative style. The data were analyzed by using the model of
Miles and Huberman. The finding shows that there there are ten rhetorical styles
found in Jokowi’s inaugural speech; alliteration, assonance, anastrophe,
asyndeton, pleonasm, tautology, periphrases, prolepsis, hyperbole, and paradox
Furthermore, there are eight figurative styles occur in Jokowi’s inaugural speech,
namely simile, metaphor, allegory, personification, metonymy, antonomasia,
irony, and synecdoche. The rhetorical styles keep maintaining the real meaning,
and mostly the use of the style doesn’t give particular changing to the meaning of
words uttered by Jokowi in his speech. However, the use of figurative style shows
the non-literal meaning, since the meaning of the words form new meanings.The
process of Jokowi’s uses rhetorical and figurative style in composing the
inaugural speech is done by adding more words and explanation, reversing the
position of subject, omitting some words replacing words or phrases, and referring
to the grammatical pattern of sentence. The uses of rhetorical and figurative style
in Jokowi’s inaugural speech are for some purposes, those are: to increase the
listeners’ taste, to persuade the listeners, to increase the artistic effect, to clarify
idea, to influence the listeners’ feeling and thinking, to emphasize idea of the
speaker and to make the sentence congruent grammatically.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
All praises belong to Allah SWT, who has commanded us to spread peace to
all mankind and also who gave health, chance and capability to the writer so this
thesis on “Language Styles of Jokowi’s Political Speech” came to completion. May
peace and blessing of Allah SWT be upon prophet Muhammad SAW, who
introduced us good behaviors.
Foremost, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude to her
advisors, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd and Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd for the
continuous support and guidance to accomplish the thesis, and for their patience,
motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge given to the writer. Moreover, the
writer would like to express her thanks to the examiners, for their suggestions,
comments and questions for the thesis improvement. Their guidance helped her all
the time of research and writing this thesis. Besides her advisors and examiners, she
would like to thank to all lectures of English Applied Linguistic program for their
encouragement and insights.
Sincere are expressed to her parents, Alm. H. Muhammad Thaib and Hj.
Ummi Kalsum for their love, support and all contribution in the writer’s life. Deepest
gratitude is also dedicated to her husband, Hendriawan, SH for his never ending
iii
support, love and care. Her special thanks are also expresses to her children, Khalila
Hendriawan and Dzaki Hendriawan who had become her biggest strength in
completing her study. This Thesis is dedicated to them. The writer will always love
and pray for them. Her special thanks also go to her parents in law, Syamsuar
Pilliang and Ramlah, for their support and understanding, to all brothers and sisters
especially Baruna big family, who always cheered the writer up when she was down,
and to all friends, especially in A3 class. Thanks for giving her colorful and
unforgettable friendship. The writer’s memory of them will never fade away. Finally,
thanks to all the people who have helped the writer during the process of conducting
this research whose names are not mentioned here.
May Allah SWT, The Almighty and The Merciful, blesses them all. The
writer realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestion
and criticism will be accepted for the improvement of this thesis.
Medan, March 2016
The writer
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………….. i
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ……………………………………………………
iii
LIST OF TABLE …………………………………………………………...
v
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...................................................................
1
1.1. The Background of the Study .................................................................
1
1.2. The Problems of the Study ....................................................................
6
1.3. The Objectives of the Study ...................................................................
7
1.4. The Scope of the Study ..........................................................................
7
1.5. The Significance of the Study.................................................................
8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..............................................
9
2.1
9
Language Style .......................................................................................
2.2 Kinds of Language Style…………………. .............................................
12
2.3 Meaning ...................................................................................................
13
2.4 Style Based on Direct and Indirect Meaning ...........................................
15
2.5 Indirect Meaning ......................................................................................
16
2.5.1 Rhetorical Meaning ....................................................................
16
2.5.2 Figurative Meaning .....................................................................
20
2.6
The Function of Language Style .............................................................
24
2.7
Speech ………………………………………………………………….
25
Types of Speech ……………………………………… ...........
26
2.8
Political Speech ………………………………………………………..
28
2.9
“Jokowi” The President of Indonesia …………………………………
29
2.10 Relevant Studies .....................................................................................
30
2. 11 Conceptual Framework .........................................................................
30
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ..............................................
34
3.1
Research Design ....................................................................................
34
3.2. Data and Data Source ............................................................................
35
3.3. Technique of Data Collection ................................................................
35
2.7.1
v
3.4. Technique of Data Analysis ..................................................................
36
3.5
The Trustworthiness ...............................................................................
38
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDNGS, AND DISCUSSIONS .....
40
4.1. Data ..........................................................................................................
40
4.2 Data Analysis ...........................................................................................
40
4.2.1. Types of Rhetorical and Figurative Style Used by Jokowi in
His Political Speech ....................................................................
40
4.2.1.1 Types of Rhetorical Style in Jokowi’s Political
Speech ...............................................................................
40
4.2.1.2 Types of Figurative Style in Jokowi’s Political
Speech ...............................................................................
44
4.2.2. The Way Rhetorical and Figurative Style Used in Jokowi’s
Political Speech ...........................................................................
4.2.3
46
The Reasons of Using Rhetorical and Figurative Style in
Jokowi’s Political Speech .............................................................
48
4.2.2.1 The Reason of Using Rhetorical Style in Jokowi’s
Political Speech ................................................................
48
4.2.2.2 The Reason of Using Figurative Style in Jokowi’s
Political Speech ................................................................
56
4.3
Data Condensation ...........................................................................
63
4.4
Data Display ....................................................................................
65
4.5
Conclusion Drawing/Verification....................................................
66
4.6
Findings ...........................................................................................
68
4.7
Discussion ........................................................................................
71
CHAPTER VCONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS..............................
73
5.1. Conclusions ...............................................................................................
73
5.2. Suggestions ...............................................................................................
74
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................
75
APPENDIX ………………………………………………………………….
78
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 4.1. Alliteration ..........................................................................................41
Table 4.2. Assonance ...........................................................................................41
Table 4.3. Anastrophe .........................................................................................41
Table 4.4. Asyndeton ...........................................................................................42
Table 4.5. Pleonasm.............................................................................................42
Table 4.6. Tautology ............................................................................................42
Table 4.7. Periphrases ..........................................................................................43
Table 4.8. Prolepsis……………………………………………………………..43
Table 4.9. Hyperbole ...........................................................................................43
Table 4.10. Paradox.............................................................................................44
Table 4. 11.Simile ...............................................................................................44
Table 4.12. Metaphor ..........................................................................................44
Table 4.13. Allegory ...........................................................................................45
Table 4.14. Antonomasia ....................................................................................45
Table 4.15. Personification .................................................................................45
Table 4.16. Metonymy ........................................................................................45
Table 4.17. Irony .................................................................................................46
Table 4.18. Synecdoche. .....................................................................................46
Table 4.19. The Occurrences of Rhetorical Style in Jokowi’s Speech ...............66
Table 4.20. The Occurrences of Figurative Style in Jokowi’s Speech ...............66
Table 4.21. The Percentage Occurrences of Rhetorical Style .............................67
Table 4.22. The Percentage Occurrences of Figurative Style .............................68
Table 4.23. Comparison Table between Theories and Research Findings .........72
vii
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Background of the Study
Humans are different from other creatures in the universe since they use
language to facilitate them to transfer information among them. Varshney (1998: 4)
defines language as a set of conventional communicative signals used by humans for
communication in community. Language in this sense becomes a possession of a social
group, an indispensable set of rules which permits its members to relate to each other, to
interact with each other and to cooperate with each other. Spolsky (1998:14) mentions
that language must go beyond language in social context which deals with the real
“text” that makes up human communication and the social situations in which the
language is used. Therefore, it is obvious that language is needed by human in every
aspect of life.
However, language is complex. It is not enough for the speakers just to know
the meaning of his or her utterances, but the context of situation and the context of the
culture must be understood, whether it is in a public or a private, formal or informal
situation, who is being addressed, and who might hear the utterances. Moreover, Hymes
(1974: 105) states that the ways individuals speech convey varieties aspects, not only
their original and social dialects but also according to the context. The distinctive
manner in which people express themselves in a particular situation is referred to as
1
2
style. Style is like personality. It indicates the manner and the way of writing, speaking
or doing in which covers a set of individual characteristic.
Style refers to variation which is not associated with grammar or rules of
language. Otherwise, it is a deviation from a standard or norm of a language as stated by
Hymes (1974: 106) that all of speech which is referable to the set of styles in the
repertoire of a person or community is taken as concerned with departure or deviation
from a norm of the intention of the source (as it is with some writers and speakers). The
use of certain language styles in a speech might add some effects on the utterances as
well as the meaning conveyed in the utterances. Moreover, Keraf (2009: 112) states that
style is the way to express thought through distinctive language which shows one’s soul
and personality. Hence, someone’s character can be judged from the way he or she uses
the language. The better language someone uses the better judgement he or she gets.
The variation of language style can be found in any kind of speech, particularly
political speeches. In politics, the function of language is limited as a device to express
the extent of power. Therefore, the use of language in politics is not easily understood
by common people who do not have good understanding in politics. Language
facilitates the idea of a certain country in manifesting political wills and accompanying
political actions with other countries in the world wide. Beard (2000:18) mentions that
the language in politic is a means of presenting and shaping argument. Language, then,
could be regarded as the vehicle of politicians since provides the opportunity for
politicians to explore the resources available through language to manipulate words to
suit their intension.
3
Politics always related to the political discourse. According
to
Schaffner
(1996), political discourse, as a sub-category of discourse in general, can be based
on two criteria: functional and thematic. Political discourse is a result of politics and it
is historically and culturally determined. It fulfills different functions due to different
political activities. It is thematic because its topics are primarily related to politics
such as
political activities, political ideas and political relations. They are all
characterized by the fact that they are spoken or written by (or for) primary political
actors. A political discourse, therefore, is a discourse in any political forum, such as
campaigns, parliamentary debates, interviews, speeches or writing.
Speech on the other hand is a connected discourse. This is not speech in the
narrow sense of the spoken word but speech in the more inclusive sense. Any speech
made places major emphasis on the language used to accomplish its goal, but political
speeches place higher importance than others as they convey two elements, namely
persuasive and aesthetic. It is persuasive is when a language in a speech technically
used to persuade, to invite and to convince the audience. Aesthetic, on the other hand,
aims to attract the audience’s attention that can be reflected through the word choices
and the appropriate style. A speech may serve a politician as an effective weapon or
trump card if it is efficiently delivered and he or she is prepared to convincingly present
arguments. The strength of a speech reflects his/her ability to persuade or to motivate
the audience to be addressed by the speech.
In addition, the language contains in a political speech delivered by the president
must have a proper choice of styles so that the ideas will be accepted appropriately by
4
the listeners. The styles used by a president in his or her political speeches need more
deliberation than in others because the president’s utterances will influence the survival
of his people and will become a reference for the subordinate officers and guidelines for
all the people under his or her government.
Jokowi is the president of Indonesia for period 2014-2019. Jokowi owns some
unique characteristics, not only from the way he dresses but also the way he speaks in
Javanese accent captured national and international’s attention. He is Indonesia’s most
talked-about figure because of his down to earth. The way he delivers his speech is
identical with simple, brief and straight to the point that makes him different with the
former presidents. As quoted from the Jakartapost.com in the inaugural speech, from
the structure of his speech and the former president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the
most apparent different their speeches is the matter of length.
(http://thejakartapost.com/news/first_impressions_matter_jokowi_s_innaugural_speech.
html//)
Hence, listeners could identify Jokowi as someone who prefers to keep things
simple. It is found that from the organization of the speech, Jokowi tended to be
unclassifiable since he described his broad vision for a stronger Indonesia frankly.
However, it led him communicate his desire to the audience successfully.
The researcher takes the inaugural speech of Jokowi as the object of the study.
The researcher is interested to discuss deeply Jokowi’s political speech based on the
language style. Therefore, the researcher will explore the language style based on the
indirect meaning; rhetorical and figurative language style.
5
There are many rhetorical and figurative language found in Jokowi’s political
speech in inaugural ceremony which is recorded on 5th October 2015 from
http://m.detik.com/news/berita/ini-pidato-lengkap-jokowi-saat-pelantikan-presiden//),
one of them we can see from the following sentences:
Kini saatnya, bersama-sama melanjutkan ujian sejarah berikutnya yang maha
berat, yakni mencapai dan mewujudkan Indonesia yang berdaulat dibidang
politik (This is the time, together to continue the next difficult historic test that is
to reach and bring Indonesia into political sovereign country.. )
The word maha in the sentence above is a form of rhetorical language used by
Jokowi in hyperbole form. Hyperbole is an extravagant statement; the use of
exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect. The word “maha”
in Bahasa Indonesia is only addressed to God, the creator of universe. Jokowi used this
word in order to make the strong sense that his next duties will be very hard or difficult.
The used of rhetorical language in pleonasm form found in sentence bangsa
besar yang kreatif yang bisa ikut menyumbangkan keluruhan bagi peradaban global
(great creative nation that can contribute the nobleness to the global civilization), the
words bangsa besar is categorized as pleonasm since it is being understood that
Indonesia is a great country. Therefore the word besar is redundant. Pleonasm is the use
of more words than those necessary to denote mere sense.
Sebagai nakhoda yang dipercaya oleh rakyat, saya mengajak semua warga
bangsa untuk naik ke atas kapal Republik Indonesia dan berlayar bersama
menuju Indonesia Raya. (As the captain who is trusted by the citizen, I invite all
of the nation to aboard on the ship of Indonesian Republic and to sail together
toward Indonesia Raya)
6
The word nakhoda in the sentence above is the form of figurative meaning in
simile form. Smile is an explicit comparison between two things which has different
reality. Jokowi used the word nakhoda instead of president to show that his duty is like
a captain that is responsible to lead the nation as his crew to reach the same destination.
The word kapal and berlayar also belong to simile. It is related to the word
nakhoda that his leadership is regarded as a big boat where all of the Indonesian people
as the passengers and we will sail across the ocean together toward the better Indonesia.
Those rhetorical and figurative styles are used on purpose by Jokowi. It is
believed the selected expressions used by him (maha besar, bangsa besar, nakhoda,
kapal and berlayar) are aimed to convince the people of Indonesia about his idea. To
some extends it could be he wants to warn other politicians not to look down to him as
the new elected president.
In accordance with the explanation above, the researcher wonders as to what
types of rhetorical and figurative styles are used in Jokowi’s political speech. The
researcher will focus her analysis on the utterances of Jokowi, and conduct her analysis
based on the types of language style proposed by Gorys Keraf (2009: 129).
1.2. The Problems of the Study
Based on the explanation given in the background, the problems of the study are
formulated in the following questions:
1. What types of rhetorical and figurative language style are used by Jokowi in his
political speech?
7
2. How are the rhetorical and figurative language styles used by Jokowi in his political
speech?
3. Why does Jokowi use certain rhetorical and figurative language styles in his
political speech the way they are?
1.3. The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of study can be described as follows:
1. To describe the types of rhetorical and figurative language styles used by Jokowi
in his political speech
2. To describe the ways of rhetorical and figurative language styles used by Jokowi
in his political speech.
3. To state the reason of using the rhetorical and figurative language styles in
Jokowi’s political speech.
1.4. The Scope of the Study
As stated in the previous explanation that direct and indirect language style can
occur also in political speech. This study attempts to investigate the use of direct and
indirect language style in Jokowi’s political speech in the inaugural ceremony. The
aspects to be observed are the occurrences of rhetorical and figurative language styles.
8
1.5. The Significance of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be theoretically and significantly
relevant in some respects. Theoretically, the findings are expected to enrich the theories
of language style specifically in speech which is delivered by public figure for certain
purpose, mainly the political speech. This study considers being useful initially to
provide the information of kinds of language style used by the leader of a nationpresident in his political speech. This contribution will in turn give tentative framework
for a comprehensive analysis of language style.
Practically, since this study focuses on language style, so hopefully it is useful
for teachers to apply the findings of the research at school, and also practice the
language style in their speech. This will accelerate the students to deliver their speeches
in various styles, thus they will not be clumsy to speak in front of public not only for
now but also in the future after they graduate from school, in the real society.
73
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
1.1 Conclusion
After analyzing the whole utterances of Jokowi deliberately, the conclusions are
drawn as follows:
1. There are ten rhetorical styles found in Jokowi’s inaugural speech. They are
alliteration, assonance, anastrophe, asyndeton, pleonasm, tautology, periphrases,
prolepsis, hyperbole, and paradox Furthermore, there are eight figurative styles
occur in Jokowi’s inaugural speech, namely simile, metaphor, allegory,
personification, metonymy, antonomasia, irony, and synecdoche.
The rhetorical styles keep maintaining the real meaning, and mostly the use of the
style doesn’t give particular changing to the meaning of words uttered by Jokowi in
his speech. However, the use of figurative style shows the non-literal meaning,
since the meaning of the words form new meanings.
2. The process of Jokowi’s uses rhetorical and figurative style in composing the
inaugural speech is done by by adding more words and explanation, reversing the
position of subject, omitting some words, replacing words or phrases, and referring
to the grammatical pattern of sentence.
3. The uses of rhetorical and figurative style in Jokowi’s inaugural speech are for
some purposes, those are: to increase the listeners’ taste, to persuade the listeners,
to increase the artistic effect, to clarify idea, to influence the listeners’ feeling and
73
74
thinking, to emphasize idea of the speaker and to make the sentence congruent
grammatically.
1.2
Suggestions
In line with the conclusions that have been stated, some suggestions are offered to
the readers, especially for those who are interested in doing further study on language
style based on the indirect meaning as follows:
1. The way someone use the language style can be a reflection of his character.
Therefore for the politicians, they need to make deep consideration in composing
their speech. Instead of gaining sympathy, they can get hatred from the listeners.
2. For teachers who teach language, it is recommended to dig their knowledge about
language style. Through the knowledge they can teach and guide their students to be
able to make good speeches.
3. For other researchers to conduct further research dealing with rhetorical and
figurative style found in speeches of other figures, such as the academics in order to
find out the differences of styles used by politician and the academics in their
speeches.
75
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